In situ synthesis of Fe-N co-doped carbonaceous nanocomposites using biogas residue as an effective persulfate activator for remediation of aged petroleum contaminated soils.

Persulfate (PS)-based chemical oxidation is an effective method for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, but higher concentrations of PS (3-40%) may lead to soil acidification (pH decreased by 1.8-6.2 units) and affect the microbial communities.