pH-triggered dynamic erosive small molecule chlorambucil nano-prodrugs mediate robust oral chemotherapy.

Currently, the dynamic erosive small molecule nano-prodrug is of great demand for oral chemotherapy, owing to its precise structure, high drug loading and improved oral bioavailability via overcoming various physiologic barriers in gastrointestinal tract, blood circulation and tumor tissues compared to other oral nanomedicines. Herein, this work highlights the successful development of pH-triggered dynamic erosive small molecule nano-prodrugs based on significant pH changes, which are synthesized via amide reaction between chlorambucil and star-shaped ortho esters. The precise nano-prodrugs exhibit extraordinarily high drug loading (68.

Evolutionary origin and ecological implication of a unique nif island in free-living Bradyrhizobium lineages.

The alphaproteobacterial genus Bradyrhizobium has been best known as N-fixing members that nodulate legumes, supported by the nif and nod gene clusters. Recent environmental surveys show that Bradyrhizobium represents one of the most abundant free-living bacterial lineages in the world's soils. However, our understanding of Bradyrhizobium comes largely from symbiotic members, biasing the current knowledge of their ecology and evolution.

Simulated warming enhances the responses of microbial N transformations to reactive N input in a Tibetan alpine meadow.

Alpine ecosystems worldwide are characterized with high soil organic carbon (C) and low mineral nitrogen (N). Climate warming has been predicted to stimulate microbial decomposition and N mineralization in these systems. However, experimental results are highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Combination of warming and N inputs increases the temperature sensitivity of soil NO emission in a Tibetan alpine meadow.

Many high-elevation alpine ecosystems have been experiencing significant increases in air temperature and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen (N) deposition. These changes may affect N-cycling microbes and enhance emissions of nitrous oxide (NO, a potent greenhouse gas) from soil. However, few studies have investigated whether and how the resulting changes in N-cycling microbes may affect the temperature sensitivity (Q) of NO emission and in turn feed back to NO emissions.

Vertical distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms across a soil profile of the Chinese Loess Plateau and their responses to nitrogen inputs.

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) oxidize ammonia into nitrite, the first and rate-limiting step of microbial nitrification, and exert major controls over soil nitrogen transformations. The Loess Plateau in northwest China is characterized with deep soils that are often exposed to the surface and reactive nitrogen (N) inputs due to erosion and human removal of the surface soil. However, few have examined the distribution of AOA and AOB along the profile of Loess Plateau soils and their responses to N inputs.

Lead immobilization by geological fluorapatite and fungus Aspergillus niger.

Phosphate solubilizing fungi have high ability to secrete organic acids. In this study, fungus Aspergillus niger and geological fluorapatite were applied in lead remediation in aqueous solution. Formation and morphology of the lead minerals, e.

A study of organic acid production in contrasts between two phosphate solubilizing fungi: Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger.

Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) have huge potentials in enhancing release of phosphorus from fertilizer. Two PSF (NJDL-03 and NJDL-12) were isolated and identified as Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus niger respectively in this study. The quantification and identification of organic acids were performed by HPLC.