Monetary compensation vs. Ecological restoration for marine ecological damage in China: Theory, practices and policy.

With the increasing concentration of population and marine industrial activities in coastal areas, marine ecological damage caused by various human activities and unforeseen events has become increasingly severe. Marine ecological damage compensation (MEDC) is a policy designed to regulate and mitigate the ecological impacts of marine development; balance the environmental, economic, and social interests of stakeholders; and ensure the health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable use of marine resources. The MEDC is divided into two modes: compensation in money and compensation in kind, each giving rise to its respective standards: monetary compensation standards and ecological restoration standards.

The impact of COVID-19 on the value of coastal recreational resource from the perspective of recreational behaviour change: Evident from China.

The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak took a heavy toll on the global tourism industry in 2020, and affected the value realization of coastal recreational ecosystem service. From the micro perspective, this paper combines travel cost method with contingent behaviour method to obtain residents' actual behaviour and contingent behaviour data, and discusses the impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 on the value realization of coastal recreational resources from the perspective of the change in residents' recreational behaviour in Qingdao, China. Residents are observed to significantly reduce their outdoor activities in response to the COVID-19.