Perfusion drugs for non‑muscle invasive bladder cancer (Review).

The high recurrence rate and poor prognosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (BC) are challenges that need to be urgently addressed. Transurethral cystectomy for bladder tumors is often combined with bladder perfusion therapy, which can effectively reduce the recurrence and progression rates of BC. The present review integrated and analyzed currently available bladder perfusion drugs, mainly including chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapeutic agents and other adjuvant perfusion drugs.

Path Loss Model for 3.5 GHz and 5.6 GHz Bands in Cascaded Tunnel Environments.

An important and typical scenario of radio propagation in a railway or subway tunnel environment is the cascaded straight and curved tunnel. In this paper, we propose a joint path loss model for cascaded tunnels at 3.5 GHz and 5.

Value-based arrangements may be more prevalent than assumed.

Objectives: To better understand the prevalence of US value-based payment arrangements (VBAs), their characteristics, and the factors that facilitate their success or act as barriers to their implementation.

Study Design: Surveys were administered to a convenience sample of subject matter experts who were senior representatives from payer organizations and biopharmaceutical manufacturers. These data were supplemented with qualitative interviews in a subsample of survey respondents.