Regulation of host metabolism and defense strategies to survive neonatal infection.

Two distinct defense strategies, disease resistance (DR) and disease tolerance (DT), enable a host to survive infectious diseases. Newborns, constrained by limited energy reserves, predominantly rely on DT to cope with infection. However, this approach may fail when pathogen levels surpass a critical threshold, prompting a shift to DR that can lead to dysregulated immune responses and sepsis.

Citrulline supplementation exacerbates sepsis severity in infected preterm piglets via early induced immunosuppression.

Arginine (ARG)/Citrulline (CIT) deficiency is associated with increased sepsis severity after infection. Supplementation of CIT to susceptible patients with ARG/CIT deficiency such as preterm newborns with suspected infection might prevent sepsis, via maintaining immune and vascular function. Caesarean-delivered, parenterally nourished preterm pigs were treated with CIT (1g/kg bodyweight) via oral or continuous intravenous supplementation, then inoculated with live Staphylococcus epidermidis and clinically monitored for 14 h.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 effects on kidney development in preterm piglets.

Background: Preterm birth disrupts fetal kidney development, potentially leading to postnatal acute kidney injury. Preterm infants are deficient in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a growth factor that stimulates organ development. By utilizing a preterm pig model, this study investigated whether IGF-1 supplementation enhances preterm kidney maturation.

Ultra-High Temperature Treatment of Liquid Infant Formula, Systemic Immunity, and Kidney Development in Preterm Neonates.

Scope: Ready-to-feed liquid infant formulas (IFs) are increasingly being used for newborn preterm infants when human milk is unavailable. However, sterilization of liquid IFs by ultra-high temperature (UHT) introduces Maillard reaction products (MRPs) that may negatively affect systemic immune and kidney development.

Methods And Results: UHT-treated IF without and with prolonged storage (SUHT) are tested against pasteurized IF (PAST) in newborn preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants.

Dietary phytic acid weakened the antimicrobial activity and aggravated the inflammatory status of head kidney, spleen and skin in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

The present study aimed to explore the effects of phytic acid (PA) on the antimicrobial activity and inflammatory response in three immune organs (head kidney, spleen and skin) of on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). To achieve this goal, we first conducted a 60-day growth trial by feeding fish with graded levels of PA (0, 0.8, 1.

Phytic acid disrupted intestinal immune status and suppressed growth performance in on-growing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

Phytic acid (PA) is one of the most common anti-nutritional factors in plant-derived protein feeds, and it poses considerable threats to aquaculture production. However, little is known about the effects of PA on fish intestinal health. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of PA on intestinal immune function in on-growing grass carp.