Mill Petals as a New Source of Biologically Active Compounds: Chemical Characterization and Skin Regeneration Effects of the Extracts.

Mill. is a perennial herbaceous plant species, known for the medicinal value of all of its plant parts, although the chemical composition of the petals is unknown. This study aimed to determine the chemical fingerprint of the petals and also establish the optimal extraction parameters, extraction medium, and extraction method for petals collected from different localities in Serbia.

Comparative transcriptome sequencing analysis to postulate the scheme of regulated leaf coloration in Perilla frutescens.

Perilla as herb, ornamental, oil and edible plant is widely used in East Asia. Until now, the mechanism of regulated leaf coloration is still unclear. In this study, four different kinds of leaf colors were used to measure pigment contents and do transcriptome sequence to postulate the mechanism of leaf coloration.

Effects of Partial Replacement of NaCl with KCl on Protein Properties and Quality Attributes of Lightly Salted Tilapias Fillets.

The evolution of quality attributes and their association with the protein properties of lightly tilapias fillets salted with different replacement proportions of NaCl with KCl (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 100%) at the same ionic strength were investigated. KCl replacements using optimal substitution (50% of KCl) contributed to maintaining desired quality properties. Further, KCl replacement (about 50~70% of KCl) led to the insolubilization and weakened stability of myofibrillar proteins, represented by the unfolding of the myofibrillar protein, increased surface hydrophilic points, and strengthened internal protein-protein interaction, resulting in the structurally reinforced hardness and lower water-holding capacity.

The red/blue light ratios from light-emitting diodes affect growth and flower quality of 'Red Lion'.

Light quality strongly impacts the growth and flower quality of ornamental plants. The optimum light quality for the growth and flowering of remains to be validated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the red/blue light ratio of LEDs on the growth and flowering quality of 'Red Lion'.

Karyotype Analysis, Genomic and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (GISH and FISH) Reveal the Ploidy and Parental Origin of Chromosomes in Itoh Hybrids.

Itoh hybrids are intersectional hybrids in L. with sect. and sect.

Nutrient Supply Is Essential for Shifting Tree Peony Reflowering Ahead in Autumn and Sugar Signaling Is Involved.

The flowering time of tree peony is short and concentrated in spring, which limits the development of its industry. We previously achieved tree peony reflowering in autumn. Here, we further shifted its reflowering time ahead through proper gibberellin (GA) treatment plus nutrient supply.

DNA Demethylation Induces Tree Peony Flowering with a Low Deformity Rate Compared to Gibberellin by Inducing Expression under Forcing Culture Conditions.

Gibberellin (GA) is frequently used in tree peony forcing culture, but inappropriate application often causes flower deformity. Here, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), an efficient DNA demethylating reagent, induced tree peony flowering with a low deformity rate by rapidly inducing expression, whereas GA treatment affected various flowering pathway genes with strong pleiotropy. The 5-azaC treatment, but not GA, significantly reduced the methylation level in the promoter with the demethylation of five CG contexts in a 369 bp CG-rich region, and eight light-responsive related -elements were also predicted in this region, accompanied by enhanced leaf photosynthetic efficiency.

Acidic and Alkaline Conditions Affect the Growth of Tree Peony Plants via Altering Photosynthetic Characteristics, Limiting Nutrient Assimilation, and Impairing ROS Balance.

Exposure to acidic and alkaline conditions were found to cause the excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species in tree peony, thereby causing damage and inhibiting plant growth and development. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were also found to be significantly up-regulated, especially under alkaline conditions; this explained why tree peony is better adapted to alkaline than to acidic conditions. Through pairwise comparisons, 144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with plant growth, photosynthesis, and stress were identified.

Non-structural carbohydrates coordinate tree peony flowering both as energy substrates and as sugar signaling triggers, with the bracts playing an essential role.

The natural fluorescence of tree peony is short. Forcing culture, mainly by defoliation and gibberellin (GA) treatment, is frequently used for its industrial production. We previously found forcing culture to be coordinated by non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs).

Seed Proteomic Profiles of Three Varieties and Evaluation of Peony Seed Protein as a Food Product.

Peony () has high ornamental, edible, and medicinal values. In order to distinguish seeds varieties, describe the proteomic profiles correlated with stress tolerance, and evaluate peony seed protein (PSP) as a functional food product, we characterized the seed protein profiles of these three species and their glucosidase inhibition activities. Results showed that the intensity of protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and specific protein ID (especially for specifically expressed proteins (SEPs)) was effective to distinguish these peony seed varieties.

Composition of peony petal fatty acids and flavonoids and their effect on Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan.

The colorful petals of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) are widely used as a source of additives in food, fragrances, and cosmetics. However, the nutritional composition of peony petals is undetermined, thereby limiting utility and product development. In this work, fresh petals of 15 traditional Chinese tree peony cultivars were selected to analyze the composition of soluble sugars, starch, and soluble protein.

Effects of Casein, Chicken, and Pork Proteins on the Regulation of Body Fat and Blood Inflammatory Factors and Metabolite Patterns Are Largely Dependent on the Protein Level and Less Attributable to the Protein Source.

The impact of meat protein on metabolic regulation is still disputed and may be influenced by protein level. This study aimed to explore the effects of casein, pork, and chicken proteins at different protein levels (40% E vs 20% E) on body weight regulation, body fat accumulation, serum hormone levels, and inflammatory factors/metabolites in rats maintained on high-fat (45% E fat) diets for 84 d. Increased protein levels resulted in a significant reduction in body fat mass and an increase in the serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, independent of protein source.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE gene family in Paeonia suffruticosa.

A total of 16 PsSPL genes were identified in tree peony. PsSPLs potentially regulated flowering time, lateral bud and seed development, and the juvenile-to-adult phase transition. SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors are important for plant growth and development.

Defoliation, not gibberellin, induces tree peony autumn reflowering regulated by carbon allocation and metabolism in buds and leaves.

Short and concentrated natural fluorescence hinders tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) annual production, and defoliation and gibberellin (GA) application is used to induce its reflowering in autumn. Here, the individual roles of defoliation and GA treatment were determined by monitoring morphological and soluble sugar changes in buds and leaves, and by investigating carbon allocation- and metabolism-related gene expression. Both defoliation and GA treatment induced early bud development, but induction was faster using the GA treatment.

Transcriptome sequencing and identification of key callus browning-related genes from petiole callus of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa cv. Kao) cultured on media with three browning inhibitors.

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) has ornamental, oil, and medicinal values, and demand in the markets for uniform tree peony seedlings is increasing. Micropropagation could quickly propagate uniform seedlings. However, the heavy browning phenomenon hinders large-scale development of uniform tree peony seedlings.

Dry storage improves the vase quality of cut peony by increasing water uptake efficiency through aquaporins regulation.

Proper storage prolongs peony market supply. Here, we determined the changes in fresh weight and expression of four aquaporin genes under dry storage (DS) and wet storage (WS). It has showed that after harvesting, the fresh weight change was accompanied with flower opening.

De novo sequencing of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) transcriptome to identify critical genes involved in flowering and floral organ development.

Background: Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is a globally famous ornamental flower, with large and colorful flowers and abundant flower types. However, a relatively short and uniform flowering period hinders the applications and production of ornamental tree peony. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism of regulating flowering time and floral organ development in tree peony has yet to be elucidated.

Defoliation and gibberellin synergistically induce tree peony flowering with non-structural carbohydrates as intermedia.

Although the natural florescence of the tree peony is short, it can be lengthened by forcing culture. In this study, both defoliation or gibberellic acid (GA) treatment individually induced tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa 'Luo Yang Hong') flowering under forcing culture, and their combination (D + G) accelerated flowering with a GA-overdose-like phenomenon, indicating that synergism between defoliation and GA treatment may occur. Both defoliation and GA treatment induced a GA response, including (i) increased GA production, (ii) increased PsCPS and PsGA3ox expression, and (iii) decreased PsGA2ox, PsGID1c, and PsGID2 expression; both treatments also positively influenced non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation.

Elucidation of the mechanism of reflowering in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) 'Zi Luo Lan' by defoliation and gibberellic acid application.

In this study, the reflowering mechanism of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa 'Zi Luo Lan') after defoliation and gibberellic acid (GA) application (autumn-flowering treatment) was investigated by monitoring the morphological changes, measuring the endogenous GA and abscisic acid (ABA) contents, and determining the expression patterns of six GA- and two ABA-related genes. The results show that autumn-flowering treatment induced tree peony reflowering in autumn, which was accompanied by nutrient absorption in buds. The application of exogenous GA induced a simultaneous increase in GA and decrease in ABA levels, suggesting that the high ratios of GA/ABA may play a key role in inducing tree peony reflowering.

Proteomic analysis of tree peony (Paeonia ostii 'Feng Dan') seed germination affected by low temperature.

Seed germination is a critical process that is influenced by various factors. In the present study, the effect of low temperature (4 °C) on tree peony seed germination was investigated. Compared to seeds maintained at 25 °C, germination was inhibited when seeds were kept at 4 °C.

Molecular cloning and potential function prediction of homologous SOC1 genes in tree peony.

The central flower integrator PsSOC1 was isolated and its expression profiles were analyzed; then the potential function of PsSOC1 in tree peony was postulated. The six flowering genes PrSOC1, PdSOC1, PsSOC1, PsSOC1-1, PsSOC1-2, and PsSOC1-3 were isolated from Paeonia rockii, Paeonia delavayi, and Paeonia suffruticosa, respectively. Sequence comparison analysis showed that the six genes were highly conserved and shared 99.

An organ-specific role for ethylene in rose petal expansion during dehydration and rehydration.

Dehydration is a major factor resulting in huge loss from cut flowers during transportation. In the present study, dehydration inhibited petal cell expansion and resulted in irregular flowers in cut roses, mimicking ethylene-treated flowers. Among the five floral organs, dehydration substantially elevated ethylene production in the sepals, whilst rehydration caused rapid and elevated ethylene levels in the gynoecia and sepals.

Rh-PIP2;1, a rose aquaporin gene, is involved in ethylene-regulated petal expansion.

Aquaporins are water channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water through biological membranes and play a crucial role in plant growth. We showed that ethylene treatment significantly reduced petal size, inhibited expansion of petal abaxial subepidermal cells, and decreased petal water content in rose (Rosa hybrida 'Samantha'). Here, we report the isolation of a plasma membrane aquaporin (PIP) gene, Rh-PIP2;1, and characterized its potential role in ethylene-inhibited petal expansion.

Expression of ethylene biosynthetic and receptor genes in rose floral tissues during ethylene-enhanced flower opening.

Ethylene production, as well as the expression of ethylene biosynthetic (Rh-ACS1-4 and Rh-ACO1) and receptor (Rh-ETR1-5) genes, was determined in five different floral tissues (sepals, petals, stamens, gynoecia, and receptacles) of cut rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Samantha upon treatment with ethylene or the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Ethylene-enhanced ethylene production occurred only in gynoecia, petals, and receptacles, with gynoecia showing the greatest enhancement in the early stage of ethylene treatment.

Transcriptional regulation of ethylene receptor and CTR genes involved in ethylene-induced flower opening in cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samantha.

In this work, the effect of ethylene on flower opening of cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Samantha was studied. However, although ethylene hastened the process of flower opening, 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), an ethylene action inhibitor, impeded it.