Increased Anion Exchanger-1 (Band 3) on the Red Blood Cell Membrane Accelerates Scavenge of Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Predisposes Hypertension Risks.

The erythrocyte membrane is highly specialized with ∼one million anion exchanger-1 (AE1) per cell for rapid membrane permeation of HCO3-(aq), as most blood CO2(g) is carried in this hydrated anionic form. People with the GP.Mur blood type have more AE1 on their erythrocyte membrane, and they excrete CO2(g) more efficiently.

Acrolein induces ribotoxic stress in human cancer cells regardless of p53 status.

Acrolein (Acr) cytotoxicity contributes to chemotherapeutic activity of cyclophosphamide via metabolism of the anticancer drug. Our previous studies have shown that Acr causes ribosomal DNA (rDNA) damages, thus shuts down ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and leads to ribosomal stress in human cancer cells. Ribosome senses stress in 28S rRNA and induces subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which triggers ribotoxic stress response (RSR).

Acrolein induces mtDNA damages, mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in human lung cells.

Acrolein (Acr), a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, can cause various lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. We have found that Acr can damage not only genomic DNA but also DNA repair proteins causing repair dysfunction and enhancing cells' mutational susceptibility. While these effects may account for Acr lung carcinogenicity, the mechanisms by which Acr induces lung diseases other than cancer are unclear.