Noise reduction by upstream open reading frames.

Gene expression is prone to burst production, making it a highly noisy process that requires additional controls. Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are widely present in the 5' leader sequences of 30-50% of eukaryotic messenger RNAs. The translation of uORFs can repress the translation efficiency of the downstream main coding sequences.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and impacts of socioeconomic and natural conditions on PM in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

The determination of the spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of PM is of great interest to the atmospheric and climate science community, who aim to understand and better control the atmospheric linkage indicators. However, most previous studies have been conducted on pollution-sensitive cities, and there is a lack of large-scale and long-term systematic analyses. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of PM and its influencing factors by using an exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA) technique and spatial econometric model based on remote sensing imagery inversion data of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), China, between 2000 and 2016.

LWD-TCP complex activates the morning gene CCA1 in Arabidopsis.

A double-negative feedback loop formed by the morning genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1)/LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and the evening gene TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) contributes to regulation of the circadian clock in Arabidopsis. A 24-h circadian cycle starts with the peak expression of CCA1 at dawn. Although CCA1 is targeted by multiple transcriptional repressors, including PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9 (PRR9), PRR7, PRR5 and CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE), activators of CCA1 remain elusive.

AGROBEST: an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression method for versatile gene function analyses in Arabidopsis seedlings.

Background: Transient gene expression via Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer offers a simple and fast method to analyze transgene functions. Although Arabidopsis is the most-studied model plant with powerful genetic and genomic resources, achieving highly efficient and consistent transient expression for gene function analysis in Arabidopsis remains challenging.

Results: We developed a highly efficient and robust Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system, named AGROBEST (Agrobacterium-mediated enhanced seedling transformation), which achieves versatile analysis of diverse gene functions in intact Arabidopsis seedlings.

Translational landscape of photomorphogenic Arabidopsis.

Translational control plays a vital role in regulating gene expression. To decipher the molecular basis of translational regulation in photomorphogenic Arabidopsis thaliana, we adopted a ribosome profiling method to map the genome-wide positions of translating ribosomes in Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings in the dark and after light exposure. We found that, in Arabidopsis, a translating ribosome protects an ~30-nucleotide region and moves in three-nucleotide periodicity, characteristics also observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals.

Iron is involved in the maintenance of circadian period length in Arabidopsis.

The homeostasis of iron (Fe) in plants is strictly regulated to maintain an optimal level for plant growth and development but not cause oxidative stress. About 30% of arable land is considered Fe deficient because of calcareous soil that renders Fe unavailable to plants. Under Fe-deficient conditions, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) shows retarded growth, disordered chloroplast development, and delayed flowering time.

Nuclear localization of the meiosis-specific transcription factor Ndt80 is regulated by the pachytene checkpoint.

In budding yeast, the Ndt80 protein is a meiosis-specific transcription factor that is essential for the exit of pachytene and progression into nuclear divisions and spore formation. The pachytene checkpoint responds to defects in meiotic recombination and chromosome synapsis and negatively regulates the activity of Ndt80. The activity of Ndt80 was suggested to be regulated at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels; however, the mechanism for posttranslational regulation of Ndt80 was unclear.

LIGHT-REGULATED WD1 and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9 form a positive feedback regulatory loop in the Arabidopsis circadian clock.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, central circadian clock genes constitute several feedback loops. These interlocking loops generate an ~24-h oscillation that enables plants to anticipate the daily diurnal environment. The identification of additional clock proteins can help dissect the complex nature of the circadian clock.

Arabidopsis IRT3 is a zinc-regulated and plasma membrane localized zinc/iron transporter.

ZIP transporters (ZRT, IRT-like proteins) are involved in the transport of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and other divalent metal cations. The expression of IRT3, a ZIP transporter, is higher in the Zn/cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri than is that of its ortholog in Arabidopsis thaliana, which implies a positive association of its expression with Zn accumulation in A. halleri.

Two new clock proteins, LWD1 and LWD2, regulate Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering.

The "light" signal from the environment sets the circadian clock to regulate multiple physiological processes for optimal rhythmic growth and development. One such process is the control of flowering time by photoperiod perception in plants. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the flowering time is determined by the correct interconnection of light input and signal output by the circadian clock.

[Effect of Rhizoma pinelliae on vomiting in minks].

Objective: To study emetic and anti-emetic effects of Rhizoma pinelliae in minks.

Method: The emetic effect of raw pinellia 2 g kg(-1) (i.g.