Genome-wide identification of NDR1/HIN1-like genes in kiwifruit and function analysis of AeNHL17 in response to disease resistance.

Background: NDR1/HIN1-like (NHL) genes play crucial roles in Psa resistance. Kiwifruit canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae (Psa) infection is one of the most serious diseases affecting the kiwifruit industry.

Comparative transcriptome analysis and transient assays revealed AaGST and AaBGAL, respectively, contribute to skin and flesh coloration in A. arguta.

Actinidia arguta possesses different colors in the fruit skin and flesh, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been clarified. In this study, we conducted 36 samples RNA-seq to investigate the phenotypic expression of different fruit tissues (skin and flesh) in red and green A. arguta varieties during different coloring phases.

A structural variation in the promoter of the leucoanthocyanidin reductase gene AaLAR1 enhances freezing tolerance by modulating proanthocyanidin accumulation in kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta).

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important metabolites that enhance freezing tolerance of plants. Actinidia arguta, especially freezing-tolerant germplasms, accumulate abundant PAs in dormant shoots and thereby enhance freezing tolerance, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we used two A.

A High-K Affinity Transporter (HKT) from Is Involved in Salt Tolerance in Kiwifruit.

Ion transport is crucial for salt tolerance in plants. Under salt stress, the high-affinity K transporter (HKT) family is mainly responsible for the long-distance transport of salt ions which help to reduce the deleterious effects of high concentrations of ions accumulated within plants. Kiwifruit is well known for its susceptibility to salt stress.

Development of sex-linked markers for gender identification of Actinidia arguta.

The fruit of the dioecious plant Actinidia arguta has become a great attraction recently. It has long been difficult to distinguish the genders of hybrid seedlings before flowering, therefore increasing the expenditures of breeding. To produce reliable molecular marker for gender identification, this research utilized whole-genome re-sequencing of 15 males and 15 females from an 8-year-old cross population to develop gender specific markers.

Significant increases in Donghong kiwifruit yield by a novel umbrella-shaped trellis system and identification of associated molecular mechanisms.

China is the largest kiwifruit producer in the world, accounting for more than half of the total. However, in terms of yield per unit area, China is much lower than the global average and lags behind that of other countries. Yield improvement is of critical importance for the current kiwifruit industry in China.

Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of CIPK Gene Family Members in under Salt Stress.

Fruit plants are severely constrained by salt stress in the soil due to their sessile nature. Ca sensors, which are known as CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), transmit abiotic stress signals to plants. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the molecular regulatory role of CIPKs underlying salt stress tolerance in kiwifruit.

Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal key regulatory defense networks and genes involved in enhanced salt tolerance of (kiwifruit).

The (kiwifruit) is an emerging fruit plant that is severely affected by salt stress in northern China. Plants have evolved several signaling network mechanisms to cope with the detrimental effects of salt stress. To date, no reported work is available on metabolic and molecular mechanisms involved in kiwifruit salt tolerance.

Effects of Kiwifruit Rootstocks with Opposite Tolerance on Physiological Responses of Grafting Combinations under Waterlogging Stress.

Kiwifruit is commonly sensitive to waterlogging stress, and grafting onto a waterlogging-tolerant rootstock is an efficient strategy for enhancing the waterlogging tolerance of kiwifruit plants. KR5 () is more tolerant to waterlogging than 'Hayward' () and is a potential resistant rootstock for kiwifruit production. Here, we focused on evaluating the performance of the waterlogging-sensitive kiwifruit scion cultivar 'Zhongmi 2' when grafted onto KR5 (referred to as ZM2/KR5) and Hayward (referred to as ZM2/HWD) rootstocks, respectively, under waterlogging stress.

Transcriptional Analysis on Resistant and Susceptible Kiwifruit Genotypes Activating Different Plant-Immunity Processes against pv. .

pv. (Psa), a bacterial pathogen, is a severe threat to kiwifruit production. To elucidate the species-specific interaction between Psa and kiwifruit, transcriptomic-profiles analyses were conducted, under Psa-infected treatment and mock-inoculated control, on shoots of resistant Maohua (MH) and susceptible Hongyang (HY) kiwifruit varieties.

Novel Role of AaMYBC1 in Regulating Vine Architecture by Elongating Internode Based on Multi-Omics Analysis of Transgenic Tobacco.

The internode length affects the status of fruiting branches and shapes the vine architecture. MYB TFs (transcription factors) have been widely studied and reported to control many biological processes including secondary metabolism, abiotic stresses, growth and development, etc. However, the roles of MYB TFs in regulating internode length remain poorly understood.

Full-Length Transcriptome and RNA-Seq Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms Underlying Waterlogging Tolerance in Kiwifruit ().

possesses waterlogging tolerance; however, the mechanisms underlying this trait are poorly characterized. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis by combining single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and Illumina RNA sequencing and investigated the physiological responses of the roots of KR5 (, a tolerant genotype) after 0, 12, 24 and 72 h of waterlogging stress. KR5 roots responded to waterlogging stress mainly via carbohydrate and free amino acids metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging pathways.

Characterization and Identification of a Ripening-Related Gene in .

() is a kind of climacteric fruit that quickly softens and limits fruit shelf-life and commercial value. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop kiwifruit genotypes with an extended shelf-life of fruit. However, the ripening and softening mechanisms remain unclear in .

Physiological Responses of Two Contrasting Kiwifruit ( spp.) Rootstocks against Waterlogging Stress.

Rootstocks from are much more tolerant to waterlogging stress than those from , which are commonly used in kiwifruit production. To date, the tolerance mechanism of rootstocks' adaptation to waterlogging stress has not been well explored. In this study, the responses of KR5 () and 'Hayward' () to waterlogging stress were compared.

Full-length transcriptome profiling reveals insight into the cold response of two kiwifruit genotypes (A. arguta) with contrasting freezing tolerances.

Background: Kiwifruit (Actinidia Lindl.) is considered an important fruit species worldwide. Due to its temperate origin, this species is highly vulnerable to freezing injury while under low-temperature stress.

Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Studies Reveal Key Metabolism Pathways Contributing to Freezing Tolerance Under Cold Stress in Kiwifruit.

Cold stress poses a serious treat to cultivated kiwifruit since this plant generally has a weak ability to tolerate freezing tolerance temperatures. Surprisingly, however, the underlying mechanism of kiwifruit's freezing tolerance remains largely unexplored and unknown, especially regarding the key pathways involved in conferring this key tolerance trait. Here, we studied the metabolome and transcriptome profiles of the freezing-tolerant genotype KL () and freezing-sensitive genotype RB (), to identify the main pathways and important metabolites related to their freezing tolerance.

The AaCBF4-AaBAM3.1 module enhances freezing tolerance of kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta).

Beta-amylase (BAM) plays an important role in plant resistance to cold stress. However, the specific role of the BAM gene in freezing tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that a cold-responsive gene module was involved in the freezing tolerance of kiwifruit.

Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Homolog in Kiwifruit ().

Kiwifruit bacterial canker, caused by the bacterial pathogen pv. (Psa), is a destructive disease in the kiwifruit industry globally. Consequently, understanding the mechanism of defense against pathogens in kiwifruit could facilitate the development of effective novel protection strategies.

Environmental behavior and influencing factors of glyphosate in peach orchard ecosystem.

In this paper, several experiments were carried out to study the environmental behavior and influencing factors of glyphosate (PMG) in peach orchard ecosystem. The results of field experiments showed that PMG and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were detected in peach tree leaves and peach tree fruits, although PMG was only sprayed on the soil. The residues of PMG and AMPA in peach tree leaves were ~0.

MicroRNA858 negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by repressing AaMYBC1 expression in kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta).

The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors through sophisticated networks has been extensively studied in kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta). However, the role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) as regulatory factor in this process is largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR858 is a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis by repressing the target gene AaMYBC1 in red-colored kiwifruit.

Freezing Tolerance and Expression of β-amylase Gene in Two Cultivars with Seasonal Changes.

Low temperature causes injuries to plants during winter, thereby it affects kiwi fruit quality and yield. However, the changes in metabolites and gene expression during cold acclimation (CA) and deacclimation (DA) in kiwi fruit remain largely unknown. In this study, freezing tolerance, carbohydrate metabolism, and β-amylase gene expression in two cv.

Genome-wide DNA polymorphisms in four Actinidia arguta genotypes based on whole-genome re-sequencing.

Among the genus Actinidia, Actinidia arguta possesses the strongest cold resistance and produces fresh fruit with an intense flavor. To investigate genomic variation that may contribute to variation in phenotypic traits, we performed whole-genome re-sequencing of four A. arguta genotypes originating from different regions in China and identified the polymorphisms using InDel markers.

Chalcone Synthase-Encoding is Involved in Normal Petal Coloration in .

Studies on anthocyanin biosynthesis have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas few have focused the mechanism of flower coloration in kiwifruit. Here, we report that the structural gene, AeCHS, is involved in anthocyanin accumulation and indispensable for normal petal coloration in Actinidia eriantha. Petals from three different species including Actinidia eriantha (red petals), Actinidia hemsleyana (light pink petals) and Actinidia arguta (white petals) were selected for anthocyanin determination and gene expression analysis.