Up in smoke: California's greenhouse gas reductions could be wiped out by 2020 wildfires.

In this short communication, we estimate that California's wildfire carbon dioxide equivalent (COe) emissions from 2020 are approximately two times higher than California's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions since 2003. Without considering future vegetation regrowth, COe emissions from the 2020 wildfires could be the second most important source in the state above either industry or electrical power generation. Regrowth may partly of fully occur over a long period, but due to exigencies of the climate crisis most of the regrowth will not occur quickly enough to avert greater than 1.

Estimating a social cost of carbon for global energy consumption.

Estimates of global economic damage caused by carbon dioxide (CO) emissions can inform climate policy. The social cost of carbon (SCC) quantifies these damages by characterizing how additional CO emissions today impact future economic outcomes through altering the climate. Previous estimates have suggested that large, warming-driven increases in energy expenditures could dominate the SCC, but they rely on models that are spatially coarse and not tightly linked to data.

ENSO impacts child undernutrition in the global tropics.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a principal component of global climate variability known to influence a host of social and economic outcomes, but its systematic effects on human health remain poorly understood. We estimate ENSO's association with child nutrition at global scale by combining variation in ENSO intensity from 1986-2018 with children's height and weight from 186 surveys conducted in 51 teleconnected countries, containing 48% of the world's under-5 population. Warmer El Niño conditions predict worse child undernutrition in most of the developing world, but better outcomes in the small number of areas where precipitation is positively affected by warmer ENSO.

Septic Arthritis of the Knee in Children: A Critical Analysis Review.

» Septic arthritis of the knee is the most common type of septic arthritis in children, and it may result in irreversible joint damage. » Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen associated with septic arthritis, but other causative pathogens are possible in children with certain risk factors. » The diagnosis of septic arthritis of the knee is based on history and physical examination, blood tests, and arthrocentesis.

Increasing antepartum Tdap vaccine administration: A quality improvement initiative.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends antepartum Tdap vaccination for women with each pregnancy to protect themselves and their vulnerable infants through transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies. Our aim was to increase the rate of antepartum Tdap vaccine administration by 20%. Obstetricians were surveyed to identify their present approaches and barriers to antepartum Tdap vaccine administration to help guide the development of our intervention.

Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States.

Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change.

Design, development, and evaluation of a novel microneedle array-based continuous glucose monitor.

The development of accurate, minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices has been the subject of much work by several groups, as it is believed that a less invasive and more user-friendly device will result in greater adoption of CGM by persons with insulin-dependent diabetes. This article presents the results of preliminary clinical studies in subjects with diabetes of a novel prototype microneedle-based continuous glucose monitor. In this device, an array of tiny hollow microneedles is applied into the epidermis from where glucose in interstitial fluid (ISF) is transported via passive diffusion to an amperometric glucose sensor external to the body.

Endothelial ephrin-B2 is essential for arterial vasodilation in mice.

Objective: The cell surface protein ephrin-B2 is expressed in arterial and not venous ECs throughout development and adulthood. Endothelial ephrin-B2 is required for vascular development and angiogenesis, but its role in established arteries is currently unknown. We investigated the physiological role of ephrin-B2 signaling in adult endothelium.

Synthesis of affinity ligands and radioactive probes for isolation and study of myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding proteins.

To synthesize an affinity matrix for isolation of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding proteins, racemic 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde was oxidized and converted to a mixture of trans-3,4-di-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester isomers, which was phosphorylated and separated into (+-)-(1R,3R,4R)- and (+-)-(1R,3S,4S)-trans-3,4-bis[(diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy]cyclohex an e-1- carboxylic acid methyl esters. Each of these racemic compounds was hydrogenolyzed and reacted with ethylenediamine to give a monoamide, N-(2-aminoethyl)-bis(phosphonyloxy)cyclohexane-1-carboxamide, that was coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B to provide the desired affinity matrices. The intermediate trans-3,4-bis[(diphenoxyphosphoryl)oxy]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester was also reduced with lithium borotritide to give the (hydroxy[3H]methyl)cyclohexane derivative, which was phosphorylated and hydrogenolyzed to yield trans-3,4-bis(phosphonyloxy)-1-[(phosphonyloxy)[3H]methyl]cy clohexane, a radiolabeled analogue of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

Synthesis and characterization of a ribavirin-3',5'-phosphate pentadecamer homoribopolymer bearing a 5'-amino tether group and a 3'-thymidine.

The synthesis of a pentadecamer of the 5'-phosphate of the antiviral nucleoside ribavirin (1'-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) has been achieved. This homoribopolymer is terminated at the 5'-position with an (6-aminohexyl)phosphate group to permit conjugation to a carrier and at the 3'-position by a thymidine-5'-phosphate. The synthesis was accomplished using the methyl phosphoramidite approach to oligoribonucleotides.