Lithium-Air Batteries: Air-Breathing Challenges and Perspective.

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O) batteries have been intensively investigated in recent decades for their utilization in electric vehicles. The intrinsic challenges arising from O (electro)chemistry have been mitigated by developing various types of catalysts, porous electrode materials, and stable electrolyte solutions. At the next stage, we face the need to reform batteries by substituting pure O gas with air from Earth's atmosphere.