P. mirabilis-derived pore-forming haemolysin, HpmA drives intestinal alpha-synuclein aggregation in a mouse model of neurodegeneration.

Background: Recent studies suggesting the importance of the gut-microbiome in intestinal aggregated alpha synuclein (α-syn) have led to the exploration of the possible role of the gut-brain axis in central nervous system degeneration. Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), a gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium, has been linked to brain neurodegeneration in animal studies.

Potential impact of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the postoperative outcomes of chronic subdural hematoma patients: multi-institutional study in Korea.

Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common clinical situation in neurosurgical practice, but the optimal treatment option is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cholesterol-lowering medications on and how they affected the prognoses of CSDH patients.

Methods: In this multi-institutional observational study performed in Korea, data from recently treated CSDH patients were gathered from 5 hospitals.

Peripheral metabolic alterations associated with pathological manifestations of Parkinson's disease in gut-brain axis-based mouse model.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a representative neurodegenerative disease, and its diagnosis relies on the evaluation of clinical manifestations or brain neuroimaging in the absence of a crucial noninvasive biomarker. Here, we used non-targeted metabolomics profiling to identify metabolic alterations in the colon and plasma samples of ()-treated mice, which is a possible animal model for investigating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Methods: We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the samples and detected metabolites that could reflect -induced disease progression and pathology.

Balancing Bleeding Risk and Thromboembolic Complications in Elderly Chronic Subdural Hematoma Patients Undergoing Burr Hole Trephination : A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study and Literature Review.

Objective: Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) patients using antithrombotic agents (AT) at high risk for cardiovascular disease are increasing. The authors aimed to analyze the factors influencing outcome by targeting patients using AT and to establish a desirable treatment strategy.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 462 patients who underwent burr hole trephination (BHT) surgery for CSDH at five hospitals from March 2010 to June 2021.

Longan extract suppresses food intake through regulation of POMC/AgRP neuronal activities and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypothalamus of db/db mice.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the biggest public health issues worldwide and closely related to development of other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Considerable percentage of T2DM patients undergo have suffered from binge eating disorder which exacerbates insulin resistance and metabolic challenges. Longan () and its constituents are reported for their various health benefits.

6-Shogaol, an Active Ingredient of Ginger, Improves Intestinal and Brain Abnormalities in -Induced Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model.

Parkinson's disease (PD) which has various pathological mechanisms, recently, it is attracting attention to the mechanism via microbiome-gut-brain axis. 6-Shogaol, a representative compound of ginger, have been known for improving PD phenotypes by reducing neuroinflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether 6-shogaol and ginger attenuate degeneration induced by () on the intestine and brain, simultaneously.

Aerial part of Houttuynia cordata reverses memory impairment by regulating amyloid beta accumulation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, accompanied by neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction. Houttuyniae Herba (aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata, also known as fish mint; HH), an herbal medicine traditionally used to treat fever, urinary disorders, and pus, is revealed to protect neurons from Aβ toxicity and regulate cholinergic dysfunction in AD models. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of HH on excessive accumulation of Aβ followed by neuroinflammation, synaptic degeneration, and memory impairment.

Protective effects of CCL01 against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in 5xFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia characterized by the excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau aggregates, as well as neuronal damage and neuroinflammation. Metabolic disruption in AD has been noticed because metabolite alterations closely correlate with Aβ neuropathology and behavioral phenotypes. Accordingly, controlling various neuropathological processes and metabolic disruption is an efficient therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.

Increase in Trigeminal Nerve Cross-Sectional Area on Immediate Postoperative MRI Predicts Favorable Outcome After Microvascular Decompression for Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Background: Although distortion or indentation of a trigeminal nerve due to neurovascular compression (NVC) is associated with classical trigeminal neuralgia, whether morphological change in the trigeminal nerve is relieved by eliminating NVC has not been studied.

Objective: To estimate morphological change in the trigeminal nerve after microvascular decompression (MVD).

Methods: Fifty patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia who underwent MVD were included.

Inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation by MT101-5 is neuroprotective in mouse models of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer's disease, and becomes increasingly prevalent with age. α-Synuclein (α-syn) forms the major filamentous component of Lewy bodies, which are pathological hallmarks of α-synucleinopathies such as PD. We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of MT101-5, a standardized herbal formula that consists of an ethanolic extract of Genkwae Flos, Clematidis Radix, and Gastrodiae Rhizoma, against α-synuclein-induced cytotoxicity in vivo.

DA-9805, a Herbal Mixture, Restores Motor Manifestations in 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Regulating Striatal Dopamine and Acetylcholine Levels.

Loss of dopamine (DA) is one of the primary features of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, imbalances of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters significantly contribute to the disabilities noted in advanced PD patients. DA-9805 is the ethanolic extraction of the root bark of × Andrews (), the root of (Hoffm.) Benth.

The novel anti-neuroinflammatory functional food CCL01, a mixture of seed extracts and NK112.

Neuroinflammation, which occurs due to microglia, is related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the development of functional foods that down-regulate over-activated microglial cells to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative disorders has been proposed, since over-activated microglia induce a chronic source of neurotoxic factors and reduce neuronal survival. Thus, the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of a functional food mixture (CCL01) including seeds and NK112 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental models were investigated.

External Neurolysis in Microvascular Decompression for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Negative Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Objective: Internal neurolysis has been proposed as an alternative to microvascular decompression in patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in whom neurovascular compression is not confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). External neurolysis, which straightens and realigns the trigeminal nerve root axis by dissecting the arachnoid membranes around the nerve, was reported 20 years ago in the context of so-called negative exploration when MRI did not confirm the absence of the offending vessel, but is not currently used.

Methods: External neurolysis was performed in 4 patients with idiopathic TN with typical evoked neuralgic pain despite the absence of suspected offending vessels on MRI.

A novel nutritional mixture, MBN, prevents memory impairment via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome formation in 5xFAD transgenic mice.

Objectives: Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced abnormal neuroinflammation is recognized as a major pathological factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which results in memory impairment. Inhibition of excessive neuroinflammation mediated by Aβ is considered a promising strategy to ameliorate AD symptoms. To regulate the inflammatory response, nutritional and dietary supplements have been used for centuries.

Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The regulation of microglia is an efficient therapeutic approach to controlling neuroinflammation.

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to determine whether Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba (AIH), which is herbal medicine traditionally used for inflammation-related disorders, controls neuroinflammatory responses by regulating the microglia-mediated signaling pathway.

Reduced Levels of Intestinal Neuropeptides and Neurotrophins in Neurotoxin-Induced Parkinson Disease Mouse Models.

Intestinal neuropeptides and neurotrophins as endocrine messengers play a key role in the bidirectional gut-brain interaction both in health and disease status. Their alterations in several neurological disorders have been reported, but whether a remarkable change occurs in Parkinson disease (PD) remains unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the levels of 13 neuropeptides and 4 neurotrophins in the intestine of neurotoxin-induced PD mice.

Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba Inhibits Growth, Motility, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.

() has been used in traditional medicine to cure various infectious diseases such as cholecystitis, hepatitis, and jaundice. In this study, the Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba ethanol extract was investigated for the ability to inhibit growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and its underlying mechanism involved. The antiproliferative effect of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba ethanol extract was evaluated using cell viability and proliferation assays.

The Mixture of Gotu Kola, Cnidium Fruit, and Goji Berry Enhances Memory Functions by Inducing Nerve-Growth-Factor-Mediated Actions Both In Vitro and In Vivo.

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a typical neurotrophin, has been characterized by the regulation of neuronal cell differentiation and survival involved in learning and memory functions. NGF has a main role in neurite extension and synapse formation by activating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response-element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mixture of Gotu Kola, Cnidium fruit, and Goji berry (KYJ) enhances memory function by inducing NGF-mediated actions both in vitro and in vivo.

DA-9801, a standardized Dioscorea extract, improves memory function via the activation of nerve growth factor-mediated signaling.

Objectives: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that plays a critical role in mammalian learning and memory functions. NGF also regulates neuronal cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth by activating ERK/CREB signaling. This present study examined the effects of a standardized Dioscorea extract (DA-9801), which is composed of Thunb and Makino on memory function via its NGF-potentiating activities using an and paradigm.

Cuscutae Japonicae Semen Ameliorates Memory Dysfunction by Rescuing Synaptic Damage in Alzheimer's Disease Models.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and progressive cognitive impairment. To alleviate the symptoms of AD, functional foods and nutrients have been used for centuries.

Protective effects of Belamcandae Rhizoma against skin damage by ameliorating ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis and collagen degradation in keratinocytes.

Ultraviolet-B light (UV-B) is a major cause of skin photoaging, inducing cell death and extracellular matrix collapse by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Belamcandae Rhizoma (BR), the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis Leman, exhibits antioxidant properties, but it remains unknown whether BR extract ameliorates UV-B-induced skin damage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a standardized BR extract on UV-B-induced apoptosis and collagen degradation in HaCaT cells.

High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals that 6-hydroxydopamine affects gut microbial environment.

Recently, there has been a rapid increase in studies on the relationship between brain diseases and gut microbiota, and clinical evidence on gut microbial changes in Parkinson's disease (PD) has accumulated. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a widely used neurotoxin that leads to PD pathogenesis, but whether 6-OHDA affects gut microbial environment has not been investigated. Here we performed the 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the gut microbial community of mice.

Protective effects of DA-9805 on dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in the models of Parkinson's disease.

With the elderly population rapidly growing, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is quickly increasing because neurodegenerative disorders are usually late-onset. Herbal medicines and formula are adjuvant therapies of conventional PD agents, which result in serious side effects with long-term use. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of DA-9805, a standardized herbal formula that consists of an ethanolic extract of Moutan Cortex Radix, Angelica Dahuricae Radix, and Bupleuri Radix against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.