Extracellular vesicles enhance oxidative stress through P38/NF-kB pathway in ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis.

Long-term abuse of ketamine causes ketamine-induced cystitis. The functional alterations of bladder epithelial cells in microenvironment during cystitis remain poorly understood. Here, we explored extracellular vesicles (EV) alteration in ketamine-induced toxicity.