Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota and ER Stress.

Regular exercise as part of one's lifestyle is well-recognized for its beneficial effect on several diseases such as cardiovascular disease and obesity; however, many questions remain unanswered regarding the effects of exercise on the gut environment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of long-term endurance exercise on modulating inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Fifteen-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to six months of endurance treadmill training, while age-matched controls remained sedentary.

Effect of Core Balance Training on Muscle Tone and Balance Ability in Adult Men and Women.

(1) Background: The amount of physical activity most adults perform is less than the recommended amount, and the resulting decrease in physical strength makes them vulnerable to various diseases. A decrease in muscle size and strength due to damage caused by disease or aging negatively affects functional strength. Muscle evaluation in adults can yield results that are predictive indicators of aging and unexpected disability.

A Fully-Human Antibody Specifically Targeting a Membrane-Bound Fragment of CADM1 Potentiates the T Cell-Mediated Death of Human Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer and the leading cause of global cancer-related mortality. Despite the earlier identification of membrane-proximal cleavage of cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) in cancers, the role of the membrane-bound fragment of CAMD1 (MF-CADM1) is yet to be clearly identified. In this study, we first isolated MF-CADM1-specific fully human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) from the human synthetic scFv antibody library using the phage display technology.

Exercise Training Attenuates Ovariectomy-Induced Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Remodeling, Apoptotic Signaling, and Atrophy Signaling in Rat Skeletal Muscle.

Purpose: The effects of aerobic exercise training on soleus muscle morphology, mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling, and atrophy/hypertrophy signaling in ovariectomized rat skeletal muscle were investigated.

Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (CON), ovariectomy (OVX), and ovariectomy plus exercise (OVX+EX) groups. After ovarian excision, exercise training was performed using a rat treadmill at 20 m/min, 50 min/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks.

Does Obesity Affect the Severity of Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury?

This literature review investigates the effects of obesity on exercise-induced muscle injury and reexamines the potential mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle injury related to obesity. Several studies reported that high body mass index and percent body fat can significantly affect the markers of muscle injury after exercise, including maximal strength, delayed onset muscle soreness, creatinine kinase level, and myoglobin level. The potential mechanisms resulting in these outcomes include structural changes in the cell membrane induced by high fat levels, increased inflammatory responses due to adipose tissues, reduced muscle satellite cell activation and myogenesis due to lipid overload, differences in muscle fiber distributions, and sedentary behaviors.

Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Colorectal Cancers.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have led to the development of numerous therapeutic antibodies as major sources of blockbuster drugs for CRC therapy. Simultaneously, increasing numbers of therapeutic targets in CRC have been identified.

Exercise and Curcumin in Combination Improves Cognitive Function and Attenuates ER Stress in Diabetic Rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that is mainly associated with lifestyles. Exercise and healthy diet are known to be beneficial for adults with T2DM in terms of maintaining blood glucose control and overall health. We investigated whether a combination of exercise and curcumin supplementation ameliorates diabetes-related cognitive distress by regulating inflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Resistance Exercise Training Attenuates the Loss of Endogenous GLP-1 Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training on hypothalamic GLP-1R levels and its related signaling mechanisms in T2DM. The animals were separated into three groups: a non-diabetic control (CON), diabetic control (DM), and diabetic with resistance exercise (DM + EXE) group. The resistance exercise training group performed ladder climbing (eight repetitions, three days per week for 12 weeks).

Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 protects DNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice model.

Recent studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed lactic acid bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 (EF-2001) on a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A total of 28 female NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 treatment groups.

Effects of resistance exercise on antioxidant enzyme activities and apoptosis-related protein expression of hippocampus in OLETF rats.

Background: Studies on antioxidant enzyme activity and apoptosis related protein expression associated with diabetes are mainly limited to aerobic exercise. Since the effectiveness and efficiency of the resistance to diabetes has recently emerged, it is necessary to investigate the effects of regular resistance exercise on these factors.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise on antioxidant enzymes activities and apoptosis related protein expression in hippocampus of diabetic rats.

Up-regulation of lipolysis genes and increased production of AMP-activated protein kinase protein in the skeletal muscle of rats after resistance training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of lipogenesis- and lipolysis-related genes and proteins in skeletal muscles after 12 weeks of resistance training. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) were randomly divided into control (resting) and resistance training groups. A tower-climbing exercise, in which rats climbed to the top of their cage with a weight applied to their tails, used for resistance training.

Resistance exercise training increase activation of AKT-eNOS and Ref-1 expression by FOXO-1 activation in aorta of F344 rats.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of resistance exercise on the Akt-eNOS, the activation of antioxidant protein and FOXO1 in the aorta of F344 rats.

Methods: Male 7 week-old F344 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a climbing group (n = 6) and a sedentary group (n = 6). H&E staining and western blotting were used to analyze the rat aortas and target proteins.

Artemisia asiatica Nakai Attenuates the Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in Stimulated Macrophages Through Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways.

The present study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects and potential mechanism of action of Artemisia asiatica Nakai (A. asiatica Nakai) extract in activated murine macrophages. A.

Age-dependent effect of treadmill exercise on hemorrhage-induced neuronal cell death in rats.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disability in the elderly. In the present study, we examined the age-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on the intrastriatal hemorrhage-induced neuronal cell death in rats. Young (8 weeks old) and old (64 weeks old) Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in the present study.

Sudden detraining deteriorates swimming training-induced enhancement of short-term and spatial learning memories in mice.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of swimming training and sudden detraining on learning ability and spatial memory capability and on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus of mice. Male ICR mice were randomly assigned into three groups (n= 15 in each group): the control group, the swimming training group, and the detraining group. The mice in the swimming training group were made to swim (6 days/week, 60 min/day) for 8 weeks.

Volumetric analysis of cerebellum in short-track speed skating players.

The cerebellum is associated with balance control and coordination, which might be important for gliding on smooth ice at high speeds. A number of case studies have shown that cerebellar damage induces impaired balance and coordination. As a positive model, therefore, we investigated whether plastic changes in the volumes of cerebellar subregions occur in short-track speed skating players who must have extraordinary abilities of balance and coordination, using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging volumetry.

Effect of treadmill exercise on Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum after traumatic brain injury.

The cerebellum is one of the brain areas, which is selectively vulnerable to forebrain traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Physical exercise in animals is known to promote cell survival and functional recovery after brain injuries. However, the detailed pathologic and functional alterations by exercise following an indirect cerebellar injury induced by a TBI are largely unknown.

ERK1/2-mediated Schwann cell proliferation in the regenerating sciatic nerve by treadmill training.

Proliferation of Schwann cells in the injured peripheral nerve supports axonal regeneration, and physical training in experimental animals has been shown to promote nerve regeneration. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity can mediate neuronal responses to lesion signals, but its role in non-neuronal cells in the injured area is largely unknown. Here we report that treadmill training (TMT) facilitates axonal regeneration via the upregulation of phospho-ERK1/2 protein levels in Schwann cells in the injured sciatic nerve.

Peripheral nerve regeneration within an asymmetrically porous PLGA/Pluronic F127 nerve guide conduit.

Asymmetrically porous tubes with selective permeability and hydrophilicity as nerve guide conduits (NGCs) were fabricated using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Pluronic F127 by a modified immersion precipitation method. The inner surface of the tube had nano-size pores ( approximately 50nm) which can effectively prevent from fibrous tissue infiltration but permeate nutrients and retain neurotrophic factors, while the outer surface had micro-size pores ( approximately 50microm) which can allow vascular ingrowth for effective supply of nutrients into the tube. From the animal study using a rat model, the hydrophilized PLGA/F127 (3wt%) tube showed better nerve regeneration behavior than the control silicone or hydrophobic PLGA tubes, as investigated by immunohistochemical observation (by fluorescent microscopy with anti-neurofilament staining), histological observations (by light microscopy with toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscopy), and electrophysiological evaluation (by compound muscle action potential measurement).

Cdc2-mediated Schwann cell migration during peripheral nerve regeneration.

Schwann cell migration facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. We have recently found increased activation of Cdc2 kinase in regenerating sciatic nerves. Here we show that Cdc2 phosphorylation of caldesmon regulates Schwann cell migration and nerve regeneration.

Involvement of Cdc2 in axonal regeneration enhanced by exercise training in rats.

Purpose: Physical activity can improve sensorimotor recovery after peripheral nerve injury. We examined the effects of treadmill training (TMT) on axonal regeneration in the injured sciatic nerve of the rat and further investigated cellular and molecular events that underlie enhanced axonal regrowth by training.

Methods: After crush injury of the sciatic nerves, rats were randomly assigned into either TMT or sedentary groups.