Virtual reality-assisted localization and three-dimensional printing-enhanced multidisciplinary decision to treat radiologically occult superficial endobronchial lung cancer.

Herein, we report the unique case of a 75-year-old male patient who had undergone a left upper lobectomy for lung cancer and developed an incidental superficial endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe that was not localizable on modern cross-sectional imaging modalities. The superficial endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma was successfully localized by computed tomography-driven virtual reality endoscopy and was identically matched with a small, whitish, patch lesion on bronchoscopy. The localized lesion was annotated on the corresponding computed tomography images, and illustrated in a fabricated three-dimensional (3D)-printed airway model.