Controllable self-assembled plasmonic vesicle-based three-dimensional SERS platform for picomolar detection of hydrophobic contaminants.

Hydrophobic contaminants in food and the environment seriously threaten human health. The ultrasensitive detection of these pollutants can minimize their damage. However, current ultrasensitive sensing strategies are limited to solid substrate-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection.