Reducing the pain of intranasal drug administration.

Purpose: The purpose of this research study was to develop a score to assess intranasal (IN) drug administration discomfort and then assess 3 different approaches to reduce the pain associated with the administration of an IN citrate study solution.

Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval and with informed consent, volunteers intranasally received 0.3 M solution of citrate, on 4 different days.