Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: In the 5.3-year randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), vitamin D supplementation reduced autoimmune disease (AD) incidence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.

Bereavement, Memorial Attendance, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Results from the Nurses' Health Study.

Background: Mortality increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many bereaved individuals were not able to gather to memorialize their loved ones, yet it is unknown if this contributed to worsening mental health.

Objective: Examine the association of bereavement in the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic with subsequent psychological distress and the role of memorial attendance in reducing psychological distress among the bereaved.

Adolescent endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and academic achievement.

Background: Epidemiologic studies support associations of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as some phthalates, phenols, and parabens with a wide range of cognitive and behavioral traits. While many of these traits are associated with academic achievement, the relationship of EDC exposure specifically with academic achievement in adolescence has not yet been studied.

Objective: We assessed the association of urinary biomarker concentrations of EDCs with academic achievement in adolescents as well as the potential for psychosocial factors to modify associations.

Pre-pandemic resilience to trauma and mental health outcomes during COVID-19.

Purpose: The stress-sensitization hypothesis posits that individuals with prior trauma are at elevated risk for poor mental health when faced with subsequent stressors. Little work has examined whether those who have demonstrated psychological resilience to prior trauma would show either increased resilience or vulnerability to subsequent stressors. We examined pre-pandemic psychological resilience to lifetime trauma in relation to mental health outcomes amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a major societal stressor.

Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To investigate whether vitamin D and marine derived long chain omega 3 fatty acids reduce autoimmune disease risk.

Design: Vitamin D and omega 3 trial (VITAL), a nationwide, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial with a two-by-two factorial design.

Setting: Nationwide in the United States.

Association of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and the Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Women.

Objective: To investigate whether a healthy lifestyle, defined by a healthy lifestyle index score (HLIS), was associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk, overall and with seropositive/seronegative subtypes.

Methods: We analyzed female nurses in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1986-2016) and NHSII (1991-2017). Lifestyle and medical information were collected on biennial questionnaires.

Association of a Combination of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors With Reduced Risk of Incident Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Objective: While previous studies have demonstrated an association between individual factors related to lifestyle and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), it is unclear how the combination of these factors might affect the risk of incident SLE. This study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate whether a combination of healthy lifestyle factors is associated with a lower risk of incident SLE and its subtypes (anti-double-stranded DNA [anti-dsDNA]-positive and anti-dsDNA-negative SLE).

Methods: The study included 185,962 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts, among whom there were 203 incident cases of SLE (96 with anti-dsDNA-positive SLE, 107 with anti-dsDNA-negative SLE) during 4,649,477 person-years of follow-up.

Air Pollution, Neonatal Immune Responses, and Potential Joint Effects of Maternal Depression.

Prenatal maternal exposure to air pollution may cause adverse health effects in offspring, potentially through altered immune responses. Maternal psychosocial distress can also alter immune function and may increase gestational vulnerability to air pollution exposure. We investigated whether prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered immune responses in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and potential modification by maternal depression in 463 women recruited in early pregnancy (1999-2001) into the Project Viva longitudinal cohort.

Depression and Subsequent Risk for Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Women.

Objective: To investigate the association of depression with subsequent risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by serologic phenotype.

Methods: We performed a cohort study using pooled data from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1992-2014) and the NHSII (1993-2015). Depression was defined according to the following composite definition: diagnosis by clinician, regular antidepressant use, or a 5-question Mental Health Inventory score of <60 using time-updated questionnaires during follow-up.

Associations Between Smoking and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Related Cytokines and Chemokines Among US Female Nurses.

Objective: Smoking has been associated with increased systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk, but the biologic basis for this association is unknown. Our objective was to investigate whether women's smoking was positively associated with SLE-associated proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines (stem cell factor [SCF], B lymphocyte stimulator [BLyS], interferon-γ-inducible 10-kd protein [IP-10], and interferon-α); or negatively associated with antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10); and whether associations were modified by SLE-related autoantibody status.

Methods: The Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 121,700) and NHSII (n = 116,429) cohorts were begun in 1976 and 1989.

Associations between daily alcohol consumption and systemic lupus erythematosus-related cytokines and chemokines among US female nurses without SLE.

Objectives: Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with decreased systemic lupus erythematosus risk, but the biologic basis for this association is unknown. We aimed to determine whether moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower concentrations of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated chemokines/cytokines in an ongoing cohort of female nurses without systemic lupus erythematosus, and whether the association was modified by the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus-related autoantibodies.

Methods: About 25% of participants from the Nurses' Health Study ( = 121,700 women) and Nurses' Health Study 2 ( = 116,429) donated a blood sample; of these, 1177 women were without systemic lupus erythematosus at time of donation.

Prenatal Maternal Depression and Neonatal Immune Responses.

Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the association of lifetime maternal depression with regulation of immune responses in the infant, measured by cytokine levels and lymphocyte proliferation (LP) in cord blood mononuclear cells collected at delivery.

Methods: We studied women recruited in early pregnancy into the Project Viva longitudinal cohort who had cord blood assayed after delivery (N = 463). Women reported about depressive symptoms in midpregnancy (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and depression history by questionnaire.

Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood.

Children raised in economically disadvantaged households face increased risks of poor health in adulthood, suggesting that inequalities in health have early origins. From the child's perspective, exposure to economic hardship may begin as early as conception, potentially via maternal neuroendocrine-immune responses to prenatal stressors, which adversely impact neurodevelopment. Here we investigate whether socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with gestational immune activity and whether such activity is associated with abnormalities among offspring during infancy.

Socioeconomic disadvantage and neural development from infancy through early childhood.

Background: Early social experiences are believed to shape neurodevelopment, with potentially lifelong consequences. Yet minimal evidence exists regarding the role of the social environment on children's neural functioning, a core domain of neurodevelopment.

Methods: We analysed data from 36 443 participants in the United States Collaborative Perinatal Project, a socioeconomically diverse pregnancy cohort conducted between 1959 and 1974.