Liquid Biopsy: A New Avenue for the Diagnosis of Kidney Disease: Diabetic Kidney Disease, Renal Cancer, and IgA Nephropathy.

Kidney diseases are some of the most common healthcare problems. As the population of elderly individuals with concurrent health conditions continues to rise, there will be a heightened occurrence of these diseases. Due to the renal condition being one of the longevity predictors, early diagnosis of kidney dysfunction plays a crucial role.

New Insights into Cardiovascular Diseases Treatment Based on Molecular Targets.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which consist of ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and several other cardiac and vascular conditions are one of the most common causes of death worldwide and often co-occur with diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders which worsens the prognosis and becomes a therapeutic challenge. Due to the increasing number of patients with CVDs, we need to search for new risk factors and pathophysiological changes to create new strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating not only CVDs but also comorbidities like diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders. As increasing amount of patients suffering from CVDs, there are many therapies which focus on new molecular targets like proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein 3, ATP-citrate lyase, or new technologies such as siRNA in treatment of dyslipidemia or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 and glucagon-like peptide-1 in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Novel Therapeutic Approaches in the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and incurable disease that impairs kidney function. Its prevalence is estimated to affect up to 800 million individuals within the general population, and patients with diabetes and hypertension are particularly at risk. This disorder disrupts the physiological mechanisms of the body, including water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, the excretion of toxins, and vitamin D metabolism.

Advances in Treatment of Dyslipidemia.

Dyslipidemias have emerged as prevalent disorders among patients, posing significant risks for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. These conditions are characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This review delves into the current treatment approach, focusing on equalizing these parameters while enhancing the overall quality of life for patients.

Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Resistant Hypertension.

Hypertension is a prevalent chronic disease associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) premature death, and its severe form manifests as resistant hypertension (RH). The accurate prevalence of resistant hypertension is difficult to determine due to the discrepancy in data from various populations, but according to recent publications, it ranges from 6% to 18% in hypertensive patients. However, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of RH is essential.

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Comorbidity in Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is one of the greatest problems in healthcare and it often coexists with declining renal function. The pathophysiology between the heart and the kidneys is bidirectional. Common mechanisms leading to the dysfunction of these organs result in a vicious cycle of cardiorenal deterioration.

Structural and Functional Changes in Aging Kidneys.

The renal condition is one of the crucial predictors of longevity; therefore, early diagnosis of any dysfunction plays an important role. Kidneys are highly susceptible to the aging process. Unfavorable conditions may lead to a significant disturbance of the body's homeostasis.

Cellular Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Spasm.

Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a reversible phenomenon caused by spontaneous excessive vascular smooth muscle contractility and vascular wall hypertonicity, which results in partial or complete closure of the lumen of normal or atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The clinical picture of CAS includes chest discomfort which is similar in quality to that of stable effort angina. Mechanisms underlying the development of CAS are still unclear.