Ethanolic extract of leaves alleviates aluminum-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and neuroinflammation in rat brain.

Background And Aim: Aluminum (Al)-induced neurotoxicity is known to play a pivotal role in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases, and this is alleged to occur through neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. This study aimed to determine the effect of a (FR) leaf extract on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by Al exposure in the rat brain by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL6), and total antioxidant (TAO) levels along with the degree of neurodegeneration in the brain of AlCl-administered and F leaf extract-treated rats.

Materials And Methods: Two- to three-month-old male albino rats weighing 250-280 g were used in the present study.

Morphological study of styloid process of the temporal bone and its clinical implications.

The objective of this study was to study the morphometry of the styloid process of temporal bone and prevalence of elongated styloid process. The morphology of elongated styloid process along with its embryological and clinical importance are discussed. The present study included 110 human dry skulls which were procured from the bone collections of the department of anatomy.

Occipital condyle morphometry and incidence of condylus tertius: phylogenetic and clinical significance.

Purpose: The objectives were to study the morphometry of occipital condyles and to find the incidence of third occipital condyle in Indian skulls.

Materials And Methods: In the present study, 140 occipital condyles from 70 dry skulls were analysed. The length, width, height of occipital condyles, the anterior and posterior intercondylar distances was measured.

Unique distribution by the peroneal nerves: a case report.

Purpose: Among the branches of common peroneal nerve, the superficial peroneal provides cutaneous innervation to major part of the dorsum of the foot and deep peroneal nerve supplies the skin over the first interdigital cleft region.

Methods: The present rare case was observed during routine dissection of leg for undergraduate students, in a 52-year-old male, formalin fixed cadaver.

Results: The superficial peroneal nerve provided solely motor branches to peroneus longus and brevis, whereas cutaneous branches were provided by deep peroneal nerve.

Foramina on the zygomatic bone: its clinical significance.

Aim: To study the anatomy of zygomatico-orbital, zygomatico-facial and zygomatico temporal foramina in south Indian population.

Materials And Methods: 50 dry adult skulls of south Indian origin were studied. The number of ZO, ZF and ZT were recorded on each side.

Accessory transverse foramina in the cervical spine: incidence, embryological basis, morphology and surgical importance.

Aim: To study the incidence of accessory foramina transversaria in cervical spine and to analyze them morphologically with emphasize on their embryological and surgical importance.

Material And Methods: The study included 363 human cervical vertebrae which were procured from the bone collections of the Department of Anatomy. The foramen transversarium was observed macroscopically on both sides of all the vertebras, the accessory foramina were noted.

Anatomy of plantaris muscle: a study in adult Indians.

Aim: The plantaris muscle (PM) and its tendon is subject to considerable variation in both the points of origin and of insertion. The present study was carried out to fi nd the different types of origin, insertion and possible variations of the PM in the population of southern costal region of India.

Materials And Methods: 52 embalmed (Formalin fixed) cadaver lower limbs of 26 males (age ranged 48-79 years, mean age 68 years) were dissected, to study the origin and insertion of PM.

Morphometry of A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery and its clinical importance.

Background And Aim: Anterior cerebral artery, one of the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery is an important vessel taking part in the formation of circle of Willis. It supplies a large part of the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere containing the areas of motor and somatosensory cortices of the lower limb. Aim of this study was the morphometry of A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery.

An anomalous left external jugular vein draining into right subclavian vein.

Knowledge of the varying drainage patterns of superficial veins of head & neck, in particular, jugular veins are not only important for anatomists but also for the surgeons operating at this level and to clinicians in general. The variations are important also for interventional radiologists, who perform trans-jugular procedures, such as port implantations and trans-jugular intra-hepatic porto-systemic shunts or selective venous samplings. Results of recent studies report that the superficial veins, especially the external jugular vein, have been increasingly utilized for cannulation to conduct diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

A variant of Buhler's arc formed by the unusually long dorsal pancreatic artery.

The knowledge of anatomical variations of the vascular junction between the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery is surgically significant. A case of unusually long dorsal pancreatic artery that originated from the common hepatic artery and directly anastomosed with the middle colic artery thus forming a rarely reported variant of Bühler's arcade is presented (Fig. 1, Ref.

A cadaveric study of the testicular artery in the South Indian population.

Introduction: The male gonadal arteries, namely the testicular arteries, may vary at their origin and arise from the renal artery, suprarenal artery or lumbar artery. They may also be doubled, tripled or even quadrupled and may arise as a common trunk. With the advent of new intra-abdominal operative and laparoscopic techniques, the anatomy of the gonadal vessels has assumed much more importance.

Multiple supernumerary muscles of the arm and its clinical significance.

During routine cadaveric dissection of the flexor compartment of the right arm, multiple supernumerary muscles were observed in a 56-year-old male cadaver. There were three supernumerary muscles took taking origin independently from the humerus distally to the insertion of coracobrachialis muscle. The upper two supernumerary muscles were attached to the common tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and considered as its additional heads.

A rare variation of the profunda femoris vein in the popliteal fossa.

The profunda femoris artery is normally accompanied by a profunda femoris vein (deep femoral vein), which begins at the adductor magnus with various tributaries and drains into the femoral vein at the femoral triangle. Very rarely, the profunda femoris vein establishes communication with the popliteal vein. We present an anomalous profunda femoris vein in a 62-year-old male cadaver whose vein was located in the popliteal fossa as a direct communicating channel between the popliteal vein and the femoral vein.

The mendosal suture of the occipital bone: occurrence in Indian population, embryology and clinical significance.

The occipital bone is ontogenetically and functionally unique when compared to the other bones of the skull in humans and other mammalian cousins. The occipital bone develops from six ossification centers; any defect in the ossification process will give rise to mendosal suture (accessory suture) and conditions like posterior plagiocephaly. There is a paucity of literature regarding the mendosal suture and further more, its report in Indian population is not known.

Cadavers as teachers in medical education: knowledge is the ultimate gift of body donors.

In most of the medical colleges in India, unclaimed bodies from various mortuaries reach the dissection hall; and here, the body donors club has yet to gain the desired dimensions. In spite of all the adverse circumstances, the cadaver and the dissection both have survived the most rigorous test of pedagological fitness--the test of time. Today, many of the Western countries have long donor waiting lists where cadavers are acquired as anatomical gifts or through body donor programmes.