Drainage Pattern of Craniofacial Veins With Emphasis on its Influence on Facial Reconstruction Procedures.

As the facial transplantation procedures are becoming more popular and frequent in recent years, for repairing facial trauma, variations in the veins of head and neck needs to be reported time and again. This study was undertaken to examine the course and drainage pattern of the facial vein and external jugular vein on this context and emphasize its surgical implications. The authors studied the head and neck region of 50 embalmed cadavers of both sexes to document normal and variant anatomy of facial, retromandibular, and external jugular veins.

A comprehensive study of the extensor tendons to the medial four digits of the hand.

Background: Awareness of the anatomy and variations of the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand is necessary when assessing the traumatized or diseased hand and when considering tendons for repair or transfer. A complete quantitative documentation of the extensor tendons is lacking.

Method: The arrangements of extensor tendons to the medical four fingers namely, the extensor digitorum communis (EDC), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) and extensor digiti minimi (EDM) on the dorsum of the hand and the intertendinous connections between them were studied in 100 upper limb specimens.