Biosynthesis of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate by genetically engineered Escherichia coli.

L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (L-5-MTHF) is the only biologically active form of folate in the human body. Production of L-5-MTHF by using microbes is an emerging consideration for green synthesis. However, microbes naturally produce only a small amount of L-5-MTHF.

A Cytoplasmic NAD(P)H-Dependent Polysulfide Reductase with Thiosulfate Reductase Activity from the Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Thermotoga maritima.

Thermotoga maritima is an anaerobic hyperthermophilic bacterium that efficiently produces H by fermenting carbohydrates. High concentration of H inhibits the growth of T. maritima, and S could eliminate the inhibition and stimulate the growth through its reduction.

A Heterodimeric Reduced-Ferredoxin-Dependent Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase from Syngas-Fermenting Clostridium ljungdahlii.

The strict anaerobe Clostridium ljungdahlii can ferment CO or H/CO via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway to acetate, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol. This ability has attracted considerable interest, since it can be used for syngas fermentation to produce biofuels and biochemicals. However, the key enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of the strain has not been characterized, and its physiological electron donor is unclear.

Energy Conservation and Carbon Flux Distribution During Fermentation of CO or H/CO by .

Both CO and H can be utilized as energy sources during the autotrophic growth of . In principle, CO is a more energetically and thermodynamically favorable energy source for gas fermentation in comparison to H. Therefore, metabolism may vary during growth under different energy sources.

Corticosterone induces neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via disrupting autophagy flux mediated by AMPK/mTOR signaling.

Aims: Our previous study indicated that chronic stress caused autophagy impairment and subsequent neuron apoptosis in hippocampus. However, the mechanism underlying the stress-induced damage to neurons is unclear. In present work, we investigated whether stress-level glucocorticoids (GCs) GCs promoted PC12 cell damage via AMPK/mTOR signaling-mediated autophagy.

6-Hydroxypseudooxynicotine Dehydrogenase Delivers Electrons to Electron Transfer Flavoprotein during Nicotine Degradation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33.

S33 degrades nicotine via a novel hybrid of the pyridine and the pyrrolidine pathways. The hybrid pathway consists of at least six steps involved in oxidoreductive reactions before the -heterocycle can be broken down. Collectively, the six steps allow electron transfer from nicotine and its intermediates to the final acceptor O via the electron transport chain (ETC).