The effector protein BspE affects Brucella survival by regulating the inflammatory response and apoptosis.

Brucella T4SS secretes numerous effector proteins to disrupt host immune responses and apoptosis, enabling long-term survival. One such effector protein is BspE, whose role remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that BspE promotes the growth of Brucella, enhances its survival in macrophages, and affects the release of macrophage inflammatory factors.

A multi-epitope subunit vaccine based on CU/ZN-SOD, OMP31 and BP26 against Brucella melitensis infection in BALB/C mice.

Brucellosis, a zoonosis caused by Brucella, is highly detrimental to both humans and animals. Most existing vaccines are live attenuated vaccines with safety flaws for people and animals. Therefore, it is advantageous to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MEV) to prevent Brucella infection.

Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against brucellosis fused to IgG-fc by an immunoinformatics approach.

Introduction: , a type of intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, has unique features and acts as a zoonotic pathogen. It can lead to abortion and infertility in animals. Eliminating brucellosis becomes very challenging once it spreads among both humans and animals, putting a heavy burden on livestock and people worldwide.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ats-1 enhances exosome secretion through Syntenin-1.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular obligate parasite that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis. Effector Ats-1 is an important virulence factor of A. phagocytophilum.

Detection of emerging HoBi-like (BVD-3) during an epidemiological investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Xinjiang: a first-of-its-kind report.

Xinjiang pastoral area is the second largest pastoral area in China, accounting for 26.8% of the available grassland area in the country, and the geographical advantage of cattle breeding industry is very obvious. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has always been one of the important viral diseases that have plagued the development of cattle farming industry in the world.

Scanning iron response regulator binding sites using Dap-seq in the Brucella genome.

Iron is an essential element required for all organisms. Iron response regulator (Irr) is a crucial transcriptional regulator and can affect the growth and iron uptake of Brucella. The growth rate of Brucella melitensis M5-90 irr mutant was significantly lower than that of B.

Exosomes released by Brucella-infected macrophages inhibit the intracellular survival of Brucella by promoting the polarization of M1 macrophages.

Exosomes, membrane vesicles released extracellularly from cells, contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other components, allowing the transfer of material information between cells. Recent studies reported the role of exosomes in pathogenic microbial infection and host immune mechanisms. Brucella-invasive bodies can survive in host cells for a long time and cause chronic infection, which causes tissue damage.

LDH as an adjuvant makes outer-membrane vesicles and outer-membrane vesicle-associated proteins highly protective in mice.

Objectives: Existing vaccines are attenuated and can cause vaccine-associated brucellosis; and these safety concerns have affected their application. Although subunit vaccines have the advantages of safety, efficacy, low cost, and rapid production, they are usually poorly immunogenic and insufficient to trigger persistent immunity. Therefore, we added layered double hydroxide (LDH) as an adjuvant to subunit vaccine formulations to enhance the immune response to the antigen.

bta-miR-2904 inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replication by targeting viral-infection-induced autophagy via ATG13.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small and noncoding RNA molecules (18-25 nt) that can regulate expression of their target genes post-transcriptionally. Previously, using high-throughput sequencing data obtained on a Solexa platform, we found that Bos taurus bta-miR-2904 (miR-2904) was significantly upregulated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL at 2, 6, and 18 h postinfection (hpi) compared to uninfected MDBK cells. Moreover, miR-2904 overexpression significantly reduced BVDV replication.

Virus-like particles vaccines based on glycoprotein E0 and E2 of bovine viral diarrhea virus induce Humoral responses.

Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) is a viral infectious disease that seriously endangers the health of cattle herds and brings serious economic losses to the global cattle industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are empty shell structures without viral nucleic acid, which are similar to natural virus particles in morphology and structure. Because of their strong immunogenicity and biological activity, some of them have been used as vaccines in clinical trials.

Multiomics analyses reveals Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ats-1 induces anti-apoptosis and energy metabolism by upregulating the respiratory chain-mPTP axis in eukaryotic mitochondria.

Background: Anaplasma translocated substrate 1 (Ats-1) is an effector of type 4 secretory systems (T4SS) and the main virulence factor of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Ats-1 is involved in the regulation of host cell biological processes, but the specific molecular mechanism of its action is unclear.

Results: In this study, we identified Ats-1 as involved in mitochondrial respiratory regulation of HEK293T cells by multi-omics analysis.

Using a Relative Quantitative Proteomic Method to Identify Differentially Abundant Proteins in Biovar 3 and M5-90.

Brucellosis, caused by spp., is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Vaccination is still considered the best way to control brucellosis.

A combined application of molecular docking technology and indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.

Background: There is an urgent need to find reliable and rapid bovine tuberculosis (bTB) diagnostics in response to the rising prevalence of bTB worldwide. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes components of bTB and initiates antigen-presenting cells to mediate humoral immunity. Evaluating the affinity of antigens with TLR2 can form the basis of a new method for the diagnosis of bTB based on humoral immunity.

Crosstalk of Brucella abortus nucleomodulin BspG and host DNA replication process/mitochondrial respiratory pathway promote anti-apoptosis and infection.

The secretory proteins of Brucella mediate the expression of the bacterium in the host, thereby facilitating intracellular parasitism. With the exception of the recently reported BspJ, the Brucella nucleomodulin has not yet been characterized. We defined the Brucella nucleomodulin BspG and verified six proteins (PCBP1, KMT5C, NDUFS6, PCNA, CIAO2B, and SDHB) that interacted with BspG using a yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) screening.

Brucella induces M1 to M2 polarization of macrophages through STAT6 signaling pathway to promote bacterial intracellular survival.

Brucella are serious intracellular pathogens that parasitize macrophages and cause persistent infection in humans and animals. Although macrophages are an important bridge between natural and acquired immunity, their role in Brucella infection is not completely clear. Recently, studies have reported that Brucella can induce macrophage polarization, although the specific molecular mechanism involved is not known.

Nucleomodulin BspJ as an effector promotes the colonization of in the host.

Background: infection induces brucellosis, a zoonotic disease. The intracellular circulation process and virulence of mainly depend on its type IV secretion system (T4SS) expressing secretory effectors. Secreted protein BspJ is a nucleomodulin of that invades the host cell nucleus.

Deletion of the type IV secretion system promoter in A19 strain attenuated the virulence of the bacteria and promotes autophagy.

is a gram-negative intracellular parasite bacteria that causes serious health hazards in humans and animals. The type IV secretion system (T4SS), encoded by the promoter, has been identified as an important virulence factor for , but its impact on A19 remains unclear. In this study, the T4SS of A19 was inactivated by deletion of the promoter, resulting in a mutant strain A19Δ.

The Recombinant Expression Proteins FnBP and ClfA From in Addition to GapC and Sip From Can Protect BALB/c Mice From Bacterial Infection.

Dairy cow mastitis is a serious disease that is mainly caused by intramammary infection with and [group B streptococcus (GBS)]. FnBP and ClfA are the virulence factors of , while GapC is the respective factor for . Sip is a highly immunogenic protein, and it is conserved in all GBS serotypes.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum AptA enhances the UPS, autophagy, and anti-apoptosis of host cells by PSMG3.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium and a common tick-borne infectious pathogen that can cause human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Effector proteins play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of A. phagocytophilum, but the specifics of the disease mechanism are unclear.

A case report of endocarditis and spondylitis caused by Brucella melitensis biovar 3.

Background: This case report describes the clinical process of a shepherd who suffered brucellosis-related endocarditis (BE) and spondylitis (BS) and was infected with Brucella melitensis biovar 3 (B. melitensis biovar 3).

Case Presentation: A 55-year-old male patient was admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University on October 11, 2018, due to over 3 months of intermittent fever, back pain, and heart trouble.

Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3-Containing Exosome as a New Carrier for the Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Anti- Activity.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are released from cells and that function in intercellular communication. Recently, interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) has been identified as a highly effective anti-intracellular pathogen protein that can inhibit the invasion of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. However, whether infection induces secretion of exosomes and whether these exosomes contain IFITM3 protein remain unknown.

BspJ Is a Nucleomodulin That Inhibits Macrophage Apoptosis and Promotes Intracellular Survival of .

To date, a variety of effector proteins have been found to mediate host cell secretion, autophagy, inflammation, and other signal pathways, but nuclear effector proteins have not yet been reported. We identified the first nucleomodulin, BspJ, and we screened out the BspJ interaction host proteins NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NME2) and creatine kinase B (CKB) through yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. These proteins are related to the host cell energy synthesis, metabolism, and apoptosis pathways.

Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 affects the intracellular survival of 2308 by regulating activation of the NF-κB pathway.

is a genus of Gram-negative intracellular pathogens that cause animal and human diseases. survival and replication inside immune cells is critical for the establishment of chronic infections. Protein modifications by small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins and the NF-κB pathway are involved in many cellular activities, playing major roles in regulating protein function that is essential for pathogenic bacteria during infection.

Insights into and gene regulation on the virulence of M5-90.

Iron is a fundamental element required by most organisms, including . Several researchers have suggested that the iron response regulator () and rhizobial iron regulator () genes regulate iron acquisition by , influencing heme synthesis by and virulence of this pathogen. However, little is known about another species, .

Interaction between 16M and small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 and E2 conjugating enzyme 9 in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages.

is an intracellular pathogen that invades a host and settles in its immune cells; however, the mechanism of its intracellular survival is unclear. Modification of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) occurs in many cellular activities. E2 conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) is the only reported ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that links the SUMO molecule with a target protein.