Short day promotes gall swelling by a CONSTANS-FLOWERING LOCUS T pathway in Zizania latifolia.

"Jiaobai" is a symbiont of Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, producing fleshy galls as a popular vegetable in South and East Asia. Current "Jiaobai" cultivars exhibit abundant variation in their gall formation date; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, a strict short-day (SD) "Jiaobai" line "YD-3" was used.

The Roles of Hormone Signals Involved in Rhizosphere Pressure Response Induce Corm Expansion in .

Soil is the base for conventional plant growth. The rhizosphere pressure generated from soil compaction shows a dual effect on plant growth in agricultural production. Compacted soil leads to root growth stagnation and causes bending or thickening, thus affecting the growth of aboveground parts of plants.

Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in .

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a method with high sensitivity and convenience that has been extensively used to analyze the expression level of target genes. A reference gene with a highly stable expression is required to ensure the accuracy of experimental results. However, the report on appropriate reference genes in arrowheads () is still limited.

Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between and Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation.

The smut fungus infects and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by and and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells.