Association Between Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Activities and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Neck Pain: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004.

Purpose: Different types of activities have independent and additive benefits for adult health. This study intended to assess the association between aerobic activity and muscle-strengthening activities and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical and mental health in patients with neck pain.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included data on patients with neck pain from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset between 2001 and 2004.

Photoredox/Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp)-C(sp) Coupling to Access C(sp)-Rich gem-Diborylalkanes.

gem-Diborylalkanes are highly valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry due to their ability to participate in multi-step cross-coupling transformations, allowing for the rapid generation of molecular complexity. While progress has been made in their synthetic metholodology, the construction of β-tertiary and C(sp)-rich gem-diborylalkanes remains a synthetic challenge due to substrate limitations and steric hindrance issues. An approach is presented that utilizes synergistic photoredox and copper catalysis to achieve efficient C(sp)-C(sp) cross-coupling of alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, which can easily be obtained from alkyl carboxylic acids, with diborylmethyl species, providing a series of C(sp)-rich gem-diborylalkanes with 1°, 2°, and even 3° β positions.

Cerebral Palsy Heterogeneity: Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Significance from a Large-Sample Analysis.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive movement disorder resulting from a prenatal or perinatal brain injury that benefits from early diagnosis and intervention. The timing of early CP diagnosis remains controversial, necessitating analysis of clinical features in a substantial cohort.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records from a university hospital, focusing on children aged ≥24 months or followed up for ≥24 months and adhering to the International Classification of Diseases-10 for diagnosis and subtyping.

Direct Synthesis of Tertiary Phosphines via Alkoxide-Mediated Deborylative Phosphination of Organoboronates.

The direct transformation of alkylboron has emerged as a versatile and powerful methodology for creating carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. However, its potential application in the formation of carbon and phosphorus remains unexplored. In this study, we present an alkoxide base-promoted reaction system that enables deborylative phosphination of benzylic organoboronates and geminal bis(boronates) via selective C-B bond cleavage.

Selective, Transition Metal-free 1,2-Diboration of Alkyl Halides, Tosylates, and Alcohols.

Defunctionalization of readily available feedstocks to provide alkenes for the synthesis of multifunctional molecules represents an extremely useful process in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe a transition metal-free, simple and efficient strategy to access alkyl 1,2-bis(boronate esters) via regio- and diastereoselective diboration of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides (Br, Cl, I), tosylates, and alcohols. Control experiments demonstrated that the key to this high reactivity and selectivity is the addition of a combination of potassium iodide and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA).

Cu-mediated Cu-free selective borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones.

A Cu-catalysed borylation of aryl alkyl sulfones was developed for the high yield synthesis of versatile arylboronic esters using a readily prepared NHC-Cu catalyst. In addition, the selective cleavage of either alkyl(C)-sulfonyl or aryl(C)-sulfonyl bonds of a cyclic sulfone Cu-free or Cu-mediated processes generates the corresponding sulfinate salts, which can be further derivatised to provide sulfonyl-containing boronate esters, such as sulfones and sulfonyl fluorides.

Base-Mediated Radical Borylation of Alkyl Sulfones.

A practical and direct method was developed for the production of versatile alkyl boronate esters via transition metal-free borylation of primary and secondary alkyl sulfones. The key to the success of the strategy is the use of bis(neopentyl glycolato) diboron (B neop ), with a stoichiometric amount of base as a promoter. The practicality and industrial potential of this protocol are highlighted by its wide functional group tolerance, the late-stage modification of complex compounds, no need for further transesterification, and operational simplicity.

Recent advances in asymmetric borylation by transition metal catalysis.

Chiral organoboronates have played a critical role in organic chemistry and in the development of materials science and pharmaceuticals. Much effort has been devoted to exploring synthetic methodologies for the preparation of these compounds during the past few decades. Among the known methods, asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a practical and highly efficient strategy for their straightforward preparation, and recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in this respect.

Metal-free C(sp)-H functionalization of sulfonamides strain-release rearrangement.

With the increasing awareness of sustainable chemistry principles, the development of an efficient and mild strategy for C(sp)-H bond activation of nitrogen-containing compounds without the utilization of any oxidant and metal is still highly desired and challenging. Herein, we present a metal-free reaction system that enables C-H bond functionalization of aliphatic sulfonamides using DABCO as a promoter under mild conditions, affording a series of α,β-unsaturated imines in good yields with high selectivities. This protocol tolerates a broad range of functionalities and can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for the late-stage modification of complex compounds.

Direct Synthesis of α-Amino Nitriles from Sulfonamides via Base-Mediated C-H Cyanation.

Herein, we disclose a transition-metal-free reaction system that enables α-cyanation of sulfonamides through C-H bond cleavage for the preparation of α-amino nitriles, including difficult-to-access all-alkyl α-tertiary scaffolds. More than 50 substrate examples prove a wide functional group tolerance. Additionally, its synthetic practicality is highlighted by gram-scalability and the late-stage modification of natural compounds.

Copper-catalysed, diboron-mediated cis-dideuterated semihydrogenation of alkynes with heavy water.

Methods to incorporate deuterium atoms into organic molecules are valuable for the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we found that diboron reagents can efficiently mediate the transfer of two D atoms from heavy water directly onto alkynes through copper-catalysed cis-selective semihydrogenation. Avoiding the use of costly and flammable D2 gas, this safe and practical process can proceed with excellent chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity.

Selective C-N Borylation of Alkyl Amines Promoted by Lewis Base.

An efficient method for the metal-free deaminative borylation of alkylamines, using bis(catecholato)diboron as the boron source, to directly synthesize various alkyl potassium trifluoroborate salts is introduced. The key to this high reactivity is the utilization of pyridinium salt activated alkylamines, with a catalytic amount of a bipyridine-type Lewis base as a promoter. This transformation shows good functional-group compatibility (e.

Stereoselective Synthesis of Z Fluoroalkenes through Copper-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of gem-Difluoroalkenes with Water.

A copper catalytic system was established for the stereoselective hydrodefluorination of gem-difluoroalkenes through C-F activation to synthesize various Z fluoroalkenes. H O is used as the hydrogen source for the fluorine acceptor moiety. This mild catalytic system shows good-functional group compatibility, accepting a range of carbonyls as precursors to the gem-difluoroalkenes, including aliphatic, aromatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and even ketones.

Nickel-catalysed retro-hydroamidocarbonylation of aliphatic amides to olefins.

Amide and olefins are important synthetic intermediates with complementary reactivity which play a key role in the construction of natural products, pharmaceuticals and manmade materials. Converting the normally highly stable aliphatic amides into olefins directly is a challenging task. Here we show that a Ni/NHC-catalytic system has been established for decarbonylative elimination of aliphatic amides to generate various olefins via C-N and C-C bond cleavage.

Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Borylation of Amides: Evidence for Acyl C-N Bond Activation.

A nickel/N-heterocyclic carbene catalytic system has been established for decarbonylative borylation of amides with B2 nep2 by C-N bond activation. This transformation shows good functional-group compatibility and can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for late-stage borylation of amide groups in complex compounds. More importantly, as a key intermediate, the structure of an acyl nickel complex was first confirmed by X-ray analysis.

Nickel-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl- and Benzyltrimethylammonium Salts via C-N Bond Cleavage.

By developing a mild Ni-catalyzed system, a method for direct borylation of sp(2) and sp(3) C-N bonds has been established. The key to this hightly efficient C-N bond borylative cleavage depends on the appropriate choice of the nickel catalyst Ni(COD)2, ICy·HCl as a ligand, and the use of 2-ethoxyethanol as the cosolvent. This transformation shows good functional group compatibility and can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for gram-scale synthesis and late-stage C-N borylation of complex compounds.

Generation of high-affinity fully human anti-interleukin-8 antibodies from its cDNA by two-hybrid screening and affinity maturation in yeast.

We have developed a technology for rapidly generating novel and fully human antibodies by simply using the antigen DNA. A human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was constructed in a yeast two-hybrid vector with high complexity. After cloning cDNA encoding the mature sequence of human interleukin-8 (hIL8) into the yeast two-hybrid system vector, we have screened the human scFv antibody library and obtained three distinct scFv clones that could specifically bind to hIL8.