Vaterite-type calcium carbonate and aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified cellulose nanofibrils for preservation of aged paper.

Deacidification and structural reinforcement are critically important for the long-term preservation of paper cultural relics. In this study, a novel approach is presented to synergistically combine highly reactive vaterite-type calcium carbonate with aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified cellulose nanofibrils (NH-CNFs) for the restoration of aged paper. Employed as a deacidification agent, vaterite demonstrated superior efficacy at a low dosage in comparison with commercially available calcite-type calcium carbonate.

Conservation of aged paper using reduced cellulose nanofibrils/aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified CaCO particles coating.

Deacidification and strengthening play pivotal roles in the enduring conservation of aged paper. In this study, we innovatively propose the use of reduced cellulose nanofibrils (rCNFs) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified CaCO (APTES-CaCO) for preserving aged paper. The sodium borohydride-mediated reduction of cellulose nanofibrils diminished the carboxylate content and O/C mass ratio in rCNFs, which in turn amplified the swelling of rCNFs and their crosslinking potential with paper fibers.

A Multilevel Model of Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: Opportunity Recognition as a Mediator and Entrepreneurial Learning as a Moderator.

Highlighting the implications of entrepreneurship education, this study examines the effects of entrepreneurship education in predicting the entrepreneurial intention of university students. The study also explores the mediating role of opportunity recognition and the moderating role of entrepreneurial learning in this process. To test our multilevel-moderated mediation model, based on a dataset containing 1,150 university students from 55 universities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China, hierarchical linear modeling is utilized to test the research hypotheses.