Treatment of pediatric refractory or relapsed Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome with PD-1 inhibitors.

Purpose: Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) is a type of pediatric HLH that occurs frequently in Asia. Although immunochemotherapy based on etoposide and hormone has improved survival rates, there are still about 30% of HLH patients that do not respond. The objective of the article is to examine the efficacy and safety of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors for children with relapsed/refractory (r/r) EBV-HLH.

[Effect of Low-Dose Recombinant Interleukin-2 Therapy on Immunocyte Subsets in Children with Solid Tumor].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) therapy on immunocyte subsets and its side effects in children with solid tumor.

Methods: A total of 22 children (11 males and 11 females) with solid tumor in our department from December 2012 to November 2017 were selected, with a median age of 9 (3-16) years old when starting IL-2 therapy. ALL surgeries and chemotherapy of children had been completed before low-dose rIL-2 therapy, and 17 cases achieved complete remission (CR) and 5 cases achieved partial remission (PR).

Vemurafenib combined with chemotherapy achieved sustained remission in pediatric LCH: a multi-center observational study.

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a myeloid neoplasia with potentially fatal consequences, and about 2/3 of cases involve the BRAF kinase-activated mutation. Vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, has demonstrated significant clinical improvements in LCH. However, the high relapse rate of LCH following cessation of vemurafenib therapy remains a major challenge, and alternative treatment strategies require further investigation.

Arsenic Trioxide inhibits Activation of Hedgehog Pathway in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line SK-N-BE(2) Independent of Itraconazole.

Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) remains associated with a low overall survival rate over the long term. Abnormal activation of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway can activate the transcription of various downstream target genes that promote NB. Both arsenic trioxide (ATO) and itraconazole (ITRA) can inhibit tumor growth.

[Clinical Analysis of Pediatric Acute Leukemia Complicated with Septic Shock].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of predictors in pediatric acute leukemia complicated with septic shock and explore the prognostic factors.

Methods: The clinical characteristics of 70 children with acute leukemia and complicated with septic shock hospitalized in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from March 2012 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical characteristics of patients in survival group and death group were analyzed and compared.

Pneumocystis jirovecii-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-like phenomenon in a child with leukaemia: a case report and literature review.

Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) refers to the phenomenon of intense immune responses against pathogens in patients with AIDS undergoing antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immune function, resulting in functional impairment of multiple organs. Non-AIDS immunosuppressed hosts may also develop similar manifestations to IRIS during immune recovery.

Case Presentation: An 8-year-old girl presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was admitted for scheduled chemotherapy treatment.

Bulbar conjunctival vascular lesion combined with spontaneous retrobulbar hematoma: A case report.

Background: Orbital hemorrhage can be classified as traumatic or spontaneous depending on its cause. Spontaneous orbital hemorrhage refers to an internal orbital hemorrhage without apparent cause. Therefore, we aimed to describe a case of an orbital hematoma after a severe cough the night before due to inhalation of cooking oil fumes.

Predictive risk scales for development of pressure ulcers in pediatric patients admitted to general ward and intensive care unit.

Background: More than ten special scales are available to predict the risk of pressure ulcers in children. However, the performances of those scales have not yet been compared in China.

Aim: To compare the Waterlow, Braden Q, and Glamorgan scales, and identify more suitable pressure ulcer evaluation scale for the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with active replication of hepatitis B virus and seropositive anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: A case report.

Rationale: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) associated with active replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is rare. High-dose corticosteroids are the mainstay treatment of NMOSD; however, these may cause reactivation of viral replication in patients with stable HBV which may lead to liver damage. Therefore, care should be placed in corticosteroid use in patients with NMOSD and HBV infection.

Efficacy of intravitreal injection of conbercept on non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a retrospective study.

Objective: This study assessed the efficacy of conbercept for patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).

Methods: In this retrospective clinical study, 54 patients with NPDR (54 eyes) were treated with intravitreal injection of conbercept using a 3+ pro re nata regimen and followed up for 12 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), area of hard exudate (HE), and number of microaneurysms (MAs) were used as indicators of therapeutic effects.

A novel common gamma chain mutation in a Chinese family with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID; T(-)NK(-)B(+)).

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is one of the most common causes of primary immunodeficiencies in humans. A 4-month-old boy with recurrent pulmonary infection had decreased numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and NK cells and increased levels of CD19(+) B cells but no memory B cells or plasma cells. The production of cytokines by T cells and the activation of T and B cells were either absent or inefficient.