Chitosan hydrogel incorporated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal TIMP2 to inhibit angiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) presents a therapeutic challenge due to its aggressiveness and poor survival rates. This study introduces an approach using tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2)-enriched bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exo) encapsulated in chitosan hydrogels (CS), intending to provide novel insight into the CCA treatment.

Methods: BMSC-Exo was characterized by using TEM, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting.

The composition of Tibetan kefir grain TKG-Y and the antibacterial potential and milk fermentation ability of KYS-164 screened from TKG-Y.

This study utilized high-throughput sequencing and SEM observation to elucidate the microbial composition of a Tibetan herder's homemade kefir grain named TKG-Y. Subsequently, KYS-164 was isolated from TKG-Y, which can produce mixed protein substances with antibacterial activity, namely bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). BLIS can significantly reduce the growth rate of 366-a, CICC 10384 and mixed strains at low concentrations (1 × MIC).

Response time of an electron inside a molecule to light in strong-field ionization.

We study ionization of aligned H2+ in strong elliptically polarized laser fields numerically and analytically. The calculated offset angle in photoelectron momentum distribution is several degrees larger for the molecule than a model atom with similar ionization potential at diverse laser parameters. Using a strong-field model that considers the properties of multi-center and single-center Coulomb potentials, we are able to quantitatively reproduce this angle difference between the molecule and the atom.

Two-color attosecond chronoscope.

We study ionization of atoms in strong orthogonal two-color (OTC) laser fields numerically and analytically. The calculated photoelectron momentum distribution shows two typical structures: a rectangular-like one and a shoulder-like one, the positions of which depend on the laser parameters. Using a strong-field model which allows us to quantitatively evaluate the Coulomb effect, we show that these two structures arise from attosecond response of electron inside an atom to light in OTC-induced photoemission.