Temporal phenotypic variation of spinach root traits and its relation to shoot performance.

The root system is important for the growth and development of spinach. To reveal the temporal variability of the spinach root system, root traits of 40 spinach accessions were measured at three imaging times (20, 30, and 43 days after transplanting) in this study using a non-destructive and non-invasive root analysis system. Results showed that five root traits were reliably measured by this system (RootViz FS), and two of which were highly correlated with manually measured traits.

Low-frequency mechanical spectroscopy study of conformational transition of polymer chains in concentrated solutions.

A low-frequency mechanical spectroscopy approach for liquids was proposed for studying conformational transition of polymer chains in concentrated solutions. The technique is applied to aqueous solutions of a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer in order to determine if chain conformation is altered in response to temperature. Two transitions are revealed by mechanical spectra and verified by differential thermal analysis with increasing temperature, which may be related to the unimer-to-micelle transition and the phase separation, respectively.