Inhibition of PDT-induced PGE2 surge for enhanced photo-immunotherapy.

Nowadays, photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a non-invasive tumor treatment with high safety profiles and minimal side effects, implying a promising clinical application for patients with malignant tumors. However, the lack of efficacy in metastasis and recurrence still notably limits its application. To solve this problem, one promising strategy is to improve the immune response activated by PDT.

Pharmaceutical strategies for optimized mRNA expression.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based immunotherapies and protein in situ production therapies hold great promise for addressing theoretically all the diseases characterized by aberrant protein levels. The safe, stable, and precise delivery of mRNA to target cells via appropriate pharmaceutical strategies is a prerequisite for its optimal efficacy. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics, mode of action, development prospects, and limitations of existing mRNA delivery systems from a pharmaceutical perspective, with an emphasis on the impacts from formulation adjustments and preparation techniques of non-viral vectors on mRNA stability, target site accumulation and transfection efficiency.