Green analytical chemistry metrics for evaluating the greenness of analytical procedures.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) focuses on mitigating the adverse effects of analytical activities on human safety, human health, and environment. In addition to the 12 principles of GAC, proper GAC tools should be developed and employed to assess the greenness of different analytical assays. The 15 widely used GAC metrics, i.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for cellular toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of PEG1K polymers.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is one of the most commonly used polymers in drug delivery systems. The investigation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of PEG is important for revealing the toxicity and efficiency of PEG-related Nano-drug delivery systems. A high through-put and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) in source technique was developed and validated to determine PEG1K polymers in cellular samples in this study.

Unraveling the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of low, medium and high molecular weight polyethylene glycol polymers in MCF-7 cells by green UPLC-MS/MS methods.

Unraveling the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of low, medium and high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG) in cells is important for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of PEGylated drug delivery systems. In this study, cellular uptake of PEG600, PEG2K, PEG4K and PEG10K in MCF-7 cells was first studied by an UPLC-MS/MS assay coupled with collision induced dissociation (CID) in source technique. The CID of PEG in source with high values of declustering potentials generates numerous PEG-related product ions.

Quantification of human serum albumin by combining chymotrypsin/trypsin digestion coupled with LC-MS/MS technique.

The quantification of albumin is important in clinical medicine because the concentration of albumin in biological fluids is closely related to human health. In this study, we developed a highly selective and robust assay to determine human serum albumin (HSA) in human plasma by combining chymotrypsin/trypsin digestion coupled with targeted LC-MS/MS technique. Human plasma samples were denatured, reduced, alkylated, and digested with both chymotrypsin and trypsin to generate surrogate peptides.

Unraveling the in vivo biological fate of mPEG2000-PDLLA2500-COOH diblock copolymers by LC-MS/MS based on CID in source technique.

Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(D, L-lactic acid) (mPEG-PDLLA) is a biocompatible and amphiphilic diblock copolymer composed of a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) block and a hydrophobic poly(D, L-lactic acid) block, which can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution. It is one of the most widely used diblock copolymers for drug delivery, drug solubilization and drug encapsulation. Fully characterizing the in vivo fate of mPEG-PDLLA diblock copolymers is important to promote the further development of polymer-based nanocarrier drug delivery systems.

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay with multiple stage fragmentation for the quantification of alachlor in McF-7 cells.

Alachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides and can also be a carcinogenic compound. It is of great significance to establish a sensitive analytical method for the determination of alachlor in the environment and organisms. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry cubed (LC/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify alachlor in human breast cancer cells (McF-7 cells).

Cellular toxicity and pharmacokinetic study of butachlor by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on tandem mass spectrometry cubed technique.

Butachlor is an aromatic amide compound that plays a role as a herbicide, a xenobiotic, and an environmental contaminant. The aim of this work was to develop a highly selective and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method based on the tandem mass spectrometry cubed technique to determine butachlor in a biological matrix. Butachlor and internal standard acetochlor were separated on a Waters Acquity ultra-performance liquid chromatography BEH C column (2.

Protective immunity of a Multivalent Vaccine Candidate against piglet diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in a pig model.

As one of the most challenging problems in swine industry, piglet diarrhea has caused huge economic loss globally. Currently, vaccination is the most effective way of controlling enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea. However, existing commercial vaccines could not provide broad protection against different types of ETEC.

Protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Acanthopanax senticosus, classified into the family of Araliaceae, has been known for thousands of years as a remedy and is used to treat various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine system including hypertension, ischemic heart disease and hepatitis.

Aim Of The Study: This study aimed to examine the protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASE) on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and its possible mechanisms, using PC12 cells as a suitable in vitro model of depression.

Materials And Methods: In this paper, PC12 cells were treated with 200 μM of corticosterone in the absence or presence of ASE in varying concentrations for 24 h.

Anti-depressant effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus in mice.

In this paper, the anti-depressant effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) were studied using animal models of depression including the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. The anti-depressive mechanism of ASE was explored by monitoring the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters including 5-hydroxytrylamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA), as well as cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein expression in the whole brain of mice following the tail suspension test. Our results showed that intragastric administration of ASE at a dose of 2000 mg/kg for seven days significantly reduced the duration of immobility in both the forced swimming test and the tail suspension test.

Deer antler base as a traditional Chinese medicine: a review of its traditional uses, chemistry and pharmacology.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Deer antler base (Cervus, Lu Jiao Pan) has been recorded in the Chinese medical classics Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing 2000 years ago and is believed to nourish the Yin, tonify the kidney, invigorate the spleen, strengthen bones and muscles, and promote blood flow. In China, deer antler base has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat a variety of diseases including mammary hyperplasia, mastitis, uterine fibroids, malignant sores and children's mumps.

Aim Of The Review: We provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the traditional uses, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical trials of deer antler base in order to explore its therapeutic potentials and future research needs.

Effect of Red Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) Powder or Red Pepper Pigment on the Performance and Egg Yolk Color of Laying Hens.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens) powder or red pepper pigment on the performance and egg yolk color of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 210, thirty-wk old, Hy-line Brown laying hens were fed one of seven diets containing 0.

Chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) controls Solobacterium moorei under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Solobacterium moorei is a causative agent in diseases such as oral halitosis, bacteremia, and necrobacillosis-associated thrombophlebitis. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) in controlling S. moorei.

Application of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins in the control of terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases: a review.

Oral administration of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has attracted considerable attention as a means of controlling infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origin. Oral administration of IgY possesses many advantages compared with mammalian IgG including cost-effectiveness, convenience and high yield. This review presents an overview of the potential to use IgY immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases and speculates on the future of IgY technology.

Characterization of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) specific for the most prevalent capsular serotypes of mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus.

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential of egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) for treating mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Specific IgY against type 5 (IgY-T5), type 8 (IgY-T8) and type 336 (IgY-T336) S. aureus strains were obtained by immunizing hens with whole cell vaccines and the IgY produced were then purified to around 80% purity using a water dilution method coupled with salting out and ultra-filtration.

Protection of mice against enterotoxigenic E. coli by immunization with a polyvalent enterotoxin comprising a combination of LTB, STa, and STb.

Currently available enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccines are based on colonization factors and/or the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB). However, the induction of antitoxic responses against heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa) and b (STb) has merit as these two poorly immunogenic toxins are frequently associated with ETEC strains. In this study, we genetically constructed a trivalent enterotoxin fusion protein (STa-LTB-STb, abbreviated to SLS) in an effort to develop a single toxoid containing these three enterotoxins for vaccination against ETEC.

Passive protection of shrimp against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using specific antibody from egg yolk of chickens immunized with inactivated virus or a WSSV-DNA vaccine.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes high mortality and large economic losses in cultured shrimp. The VP28, VP19 and VP15 genes encode viral structural proteins of WSSV. In this study, hens were immunized with recombinant plasmid (pCI-VP28/VP19/VP15) with linkers or with inactivated WSSV, which used CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) and Freund's adjuvant as adjuvant, respectively.

Polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus promote phagocytosis and superoxide anion (O2-) production by coelomocytes from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in vitro.

The potential immunostimulatory effects of Astralagus membranaceus polysaccharides (APS) on sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), were investigated in vitro. Phagocytosis and superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production by phagocytic amoebocytes (PA) from A. japonicus coelomic fluid were measured during incubation at 18 degrees C, 22 degrees C, or 25 degrees C with APS at 0, 10, 20, or 40 microg mL(-1) (n=3).