Macrophage-Centric Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration in Diabetes Mellitus: Contemporary Advancements, Challenges, and Future Trajectories.

Increased susceptibility to bone fragility and the diminution of bone regenerative capacity are recognized as significant and frequent sequelae of diabetes mellitus. Research has elucidated the pivotal role of macrophages in the pathogenesis and repair of diabetic bone defects. Notwithstanding this, the therapeutic efficacy of traditional interventions remains predominantly inadequate.

The Incorporation of Chitosan in the Antibacterial Capability and Biocompatibility of a Protein-Repellent Orthodontic Cement.

Background: This study aimed to develop an orthodontic cement containing chitosan and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and to investigate its antibacterial properties and biocompatibility.

Methods:  Chitosan and MPC were incorporated into commercial cement. The enamel bonding strength and biocompatibility of the new cement were evaluated.

Biomaterials Designed to Modulate Reactive Oxygen Species for Enhanced Bone Regeneration in Diabetic Conditions.

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by enduring hyperglycemia, precipitates oxidative stress, engendering a spectrum of complications, notably increased bone vulnerability. The genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a byproduct of oxygen metabolism, instigates oxidative detriment and impairs bone metabolism in diabetic conditions. This review delves into the mechanisms of ROS generation and its impact on bone homeostasis within the context of diabetes.

Osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in hyperglycemia.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to be a clinical risk factor for bone diseases including osteoporosis and fragility. Bone metabolism is a complicated process that requires coordinated differentiation and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Owing to the regenerative properties, BMSCs have laid a robust foundation for their clinical application in various diseases.

mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bone Diseases Associated with Hyperglycemia.

The interplay between bone and glucose metabolism has highlighted hyperglycemia as a potential risk factor for bone diseases. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide and its subsequent socioeconomic burden, there is a pressing need to develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-mediated bone metabolism. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that senses extracellular and intracellular signals to regulate numerous biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

Response of Gli1 Suture Stem Cells to Mechanical Force Upon Suture Expansion.

Normal development of craniofacial sutures is crucial for cranial and facial growth in all three dimensions. These sutures provide a unique niche for suture stem cells (SuSCs), which are indispensable for homeostasis, damage repair, as well as stress balance. Expansion appliances are now routinely used to treat underdevelopment of the skull and maxilla, stimulating the craniofacial sutures through distraction osteogenesis.

A Quartet Network Analysis Identifying Mechanically Responsive Long Noncoding RNAs in Bone Remodeling.

Mechanical force, being so ubiquitous that it is often taken for granted and overlooked, is now gaining the spotlight for reams of evidence corroborating their crucial roles in the living body. The bone, particularly, experiences manifold extraneous force like strain and compression, as well as intrinsic cues like fluid shear stress and physical properties of the microenvironment. Though sparkled in diversified background, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) concerning the mechanotransduction process that bone undergoes are not yet detailed in a systematic way.

PPARβ/δ Agonist Alleviates Diabetic Osteoporosis Regulating M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization.

Diabetic osteoporosis is a common complication in diabetic patients, leading to increased fracture risk and impaired bone healing. As a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, PPARβ/δ agonist is suggested as a therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, and has been reported to positively regulate bone turnover by improving osteogenesis. However, its regulatory role in diabetic osteoporosis has not been reported yet.

Ablation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1-expressing neurons in rat trigeminal ganglia aggravated bone resorption in periodontitis with diabetes.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the contribution of neurons expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) to alveolar bone homeostasis in periodontitis with diabetes.

Design: Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. Resiniferatoxin was injected into left trigeminal ganglia to ablate TRPV1-expressing neurons.

Exploring the Epigenetic Regulatory Role of m6A-Associated SNPs in Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis.

Purpose: Genetic factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis have been widely explored by the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), identifying a great amount of susceptibility loci. With the development of high-resolution sequencing, the N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification has been proved to be affected by genetic variation. In this study, we identified the T2D-associated m6A-SNPs from T2D GWAS data and explored the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of T2D.

PPARβ/δ accelerates bone regeneration in diabetic mellitus by enhancing AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy.

Background: Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to skeletal complications. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ has a positive regulatory effect on bone turnover under physiologic glucose concentration; however, the regulatory effect in diabetes mellitus has not been investigated yet. Herein, we explored the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist on the regeneration of diabetic bone defects and the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) under a pathological high-glucose condition.

Biocompatible orthodontic cement with antibacterial capability and protein repellency.

Background: White spot lesions (WSLs) often occur in orthodontic treatments. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel orthodontic cement using particles of nano silver (NAg), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), and to investigate the effects on bonding strength, biofilms and biocompatibility.

Methods: A commercial resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was modified by adding NAg, NAC and MPC.

Hyperglycemia modulates M1/M2 macrophage polarization via reactive oxygen species overproduction in ligature-induced periodontitis.

Background And Objective: Periodontitis in diabetic patients is characterized by enhanced inflammation and aggravated tissue damage in comparison with that in non-diabetic counterparts. The progression of periodontal damage under diabetic condition can be partly ascribed to hyperglycemia-induced disturbance between immune activation and inflammation resolution, where macrophages are capable of participating given their plasticity in response to different stimuli. Herein, we aimed to investigate the changes of macrophage polarization in periodontitis under diabetic condition and the underlying mechanism.

Biomechanical and biological responses of periodontium in orthodontic tooth movement: up-date in a new decade.

Nowadays, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular. However, the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been fully elucidated. We were aiming to summarize the evidences regarding the mechanisms of OTM.

PTH/PTHrP in controlled release hydrogel enhances orthodontic tooth movement by regulating periodontal bone remodaling.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of local application of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).

Background: Periodontal bone remodeling is the crucial biological process in the OTM that involves both bone resorption and formation, with the former more important as the initiator. PTH or PTHrP both play dual roles in bone remodeling regulation, and the balance may shift to the bone resorption side when they are given continuously, suggesting them as potential candidate medicine for OTM acceleration.

The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antibacterial capability and biocompatibility of nano silver-containing orthodontic cement.

Objectives: To determine whether the incorporation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improves the antibacterial ability and biocompatibility of nano silver (NAg)-containing orthodontic cement.

Materials And Methods: NAg was synthesized using a sodium citrate reduction method. NAg particles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra.

Effects of nutrition and hormones on functional appliance treatment outcome in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion.

Background: Functional appliances has been used for treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion for a long time; however, the real skeletal effects, mandibular growth particularly, remain insufficient. Several auxiliary approaches have been attempted with the hope of enhancing treatment effects. In this review, we summarize and discuss the use of additional nutrition and hormones to assist the functional appliance treatment on patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion.

The effects of intro-oral parathyroid hormone on the healing of tooth extraction socket: an experimental study on hyperglycemic rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of intro-oral injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on tooth extraction wound healing in hyperglycemic rats. Methodology 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal group (n=30) and DM group (n=30). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by streptozotocin.

Risk of Bias and Its Impact on Intervention Effect Estimates of Randomized Controlled Trials in Endodontics.

Introduction: The aims of this study were to evaluate the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) recently published in endodontics and to investigate the influences of methodological characteristics on the magnitude of treatment effects.

Methods: PubMed was searched for RCTs published from October 2013 to October 2018 in 3 leading endodontic journals. The methodological quality of the included studies was determined by using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias (RoB) tool.

Novel rechargeable nano-CaF orthodontic cement with high levels of long-term fluoride release.

Objectives: Fluoride-containing orthodontic cements are used to combat white spot lesions (WSLs) in enamel. However, the fluoride (F) ion releases from these cements are relatively low and short-term. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel rechargeable orthodontic cement with nanoparticles of calcium fluoride (nCaF) to provide long-term and high levels of F release, and to investigate F recharge and physical and cytotoxic properties.

A nano-CaF-containing orthodontic cement with antibacterial and remineralization capabilities to combat enamel white spot lesions.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to develop a resin-modified glass ionomer containing nanoparticles of calcium fluoride (nCaF) and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) for the first time and investigate the antibacterial and remineralization properties.

Methods: nCaF was synthesized using a spray-drying method and characterized using a transmission electron microscope. Twenty weight percentage (wt%) nCaF and 3 wt% DMAHDM were incorporated into a RMGI (GC Ortho LC).

Effect of conventional combined orthodontic-surgical treatment on oral health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Although conventional combined orthodontic-surgical treatment is frequently applied in orthodontic clinic practice, its actual effect on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) remains inconclusive. We aimed to appraise trials investigating the effect of conventional combined orthodontic-surgical treatment on OHRQoL in patients with dentofacial deformities.

Methods: Electronic searches of 6 databases and manual searches were conducted up to January 2019.

External apical root resorption in non-extraction cases after clear aligner therapy or fixed orthodontic treatment.

Background/purpose: The application of removable aligner in orthodontic treatment has increased rapidly in recent years, while its effects on root resorption remains unclear. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the amount of external apical root resorption (EARR) in non-extraction patients receiving clear aligner therapy (CAT) or fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT).

Materials And Methods: Eighty non-extraction patients treated with CAT or FOT exclusively were evaluated retrospectively.

Effects of continuous and intermittent parathyroid hormone administration on midpalatal suture expansion in rats.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous parathyroid hormone (cPTH) and intermittent parathyroid hormone (iPTH) on bone formation and bone resorption in midpalatal suture during maxillary expansion.

Methods: Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 each), including the control, the expansion (E), the E + cPTH, and the E + iPTH. A thermosensitive controlled-release hydrogel was synthesized for cPTH administration.