The hot cross bun sign in a patient with encephalitis.

The 'hot cross' bun (HCB) sign refers to pontine cruciform hyperintensity on T2 weighted magnetic resonance image (MRI) which is frequently seen in multiple system atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia types 2 and 3. We describe a 3 years old boy of encephalitis and his MRI image showed HCB sign in the pontine. After immunosuppressive treatment and followed up 14 months, he got a good outcome and the HCB sign narrowed nearly disappeared.

Clinical features of benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes in chinese children.

This multicenter clinical trial was conducted to examine current practice of benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and especially address the question that in what circumstances 1 antiepileptic drug (AED) should be preferred.Twenty-five medical centers participate in this clinical trial. The general information, clinical information, and treatment status were collected under the guidance of clinicians and then analyzed.

Glucocorticoids Prevent Enterovirus 71 Capsid Protein VP1 Induced Calreticulin Surface Exposure by Alleviating Neuronal ER Stress.

Severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) always accompanies with inflammation and neuronal damage in the central nervous system (CNS). During neuronal injuries, cell surface-exposed calreticulin (Ecto-CRT) is an important mediator for primary phagocytosis of viable neurons by microglia. Our data confirmed that brainstem neurons underwent neuronophagia by glia in EV71-induced death cases of HFMD.

Comparison of 2 Dosages of Stretching Treatment in Infants with Congenital Muscular Torticollis: A Randomized Trial.

Objective: To compare the short-term efficacy of 2 dosages of stretching treatment on the clinical outcomes in infants with congenital muscular torticollis.

Design: This was a prospective randomized controlled study. Fifty infants with congenital muscular torticollis who were randomly assigned to 100-times stretching group and 50-times stretching group received stretching treatment for the affected sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Reversible splenial lesion syndrome in children: Retrospective study and summary of case series.

Objective: To describe clinical features of reversible splenial lesion syndrome (RESLES) in children.

Methods: Retrospectively analyzed clinical features of RESLES in children and compared differences between severe and non-severe group, classified by clinical global impression-scale; summarized clinical features of children with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) from case series.

Results: 16 episodes of RESLES occurring in 15 Chinese children were analyzed, with 13 episodes having MERS and 3 episodes with epilepsy.

Changes in cerebral hemodynamics during a sleep-deprived video-electroencephalogram in healthy children.

This study investigates the cerebral hemodynamic changes during a routine sleep-deprived video-electroencephalogram (SD-VEEG) in healthy children. Forty-two children with normal intelligence were examined. The children were 5-14 years of age, and their electroencephalograms (EEGs) were within the normal range.

Effect of Financially Punished Audit and Feedback in a Pediatric Setting in China, within an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, and as Part of an International Accreditation Process.

Background: Prior authorization, audit and feedback, and pay for performance are the three core "active" strategies of antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), yet little is known about the individual or combined benefits of such programs, particularly in a pediatric setting.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare these core ASP strategies and determine the incremental effect of financially punished audit and feedback.

Methods: During the journey to the Joint Commission International accreditation, a tertiary pediatric medical center performed two different hospital-wide stewardship interventions in succession.

Muscle Recruitment and Coordination following Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy with Electrical Stimulation on Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To investigate changes of muscle recruitment and coordination following constraint-induced movement therapy, constraint-induced movement therapy plus electrical stimulation, and traditional occupational therapy in treating hand dysfunction.

Methods: In a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy were randomly assigned to receive constraint-induced movement therapy (n = 22), constraint-induced movement therapy plus electrical stimulation (n = 23), or traditional occupational therapy (n = 23). Three groups received a 2-week hospital-based intervention and a 6-month home-based exercise program following hospital-based intervention.

Surface electromyography of wrist flexors and extensors in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of motor unit recruitment and coordination function of the wrist during maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) using surface electromyography (EMG) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP).

Design: A cross-sectional trial.

Setting: Hospital neurology and rehabilitation department.

[Evolution and prognosis of the acute flaccid paralysis associated with enterovirus 71 infection evaluated through a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study].

Objective: To explore the development and prognosis of the acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) associated with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection through clinical follow-up study for clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features based on the research progress of virology and pathology.

Method: Sixteen children with HFMD associated with AFP in hospital from May 1, 2011 to August 31, 2011 were investigated and the patients received intensive rehabilitation training. The 16 cases were divided into two groups (the recovery or the sequela) by if the muscle strength recovered to level 4 after intensive rehabilitation.

Prospective, naturalistic study of open-label OROS methylphenidate treatment in Chinese school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders during childhood, characterized by the core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention and puts great burden on children themselves, their families and the society. Osmotic release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) is a once-daily controlled-release formulation developed to overcome some of the limitations associated with immediate-release methylphenidate (IR-MPH). It has been marketed in China since 2005 but still lacks data from large-sample clinical trials on efficacy and safety profiles.

Efficacy of constraint-induced movement therapy and electrical stimulation on hand function of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a controlled clinical trial.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of constraint therapy, constraint therapy plus electrical stimulation, and occupational therapy in the treatment of hand dysfunction.

Methods: Sixty-eight children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy were randomly allocated to constraint therapy, constraint therapy plus electrical stimulation, and occupational therapy group. Three groups received 2 weeks of treatment.

A randomized controlled trial to compare two botulinum toxin injection techniques on the functional improvement of the leg of children with cerebral palsy.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A injection guided by different localizing techniques, electrical stimulation and palpation, to treat spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Hospital neurology and rehabilitation department.

[Interictal epileptiform discharges in children with epilepsy].

Objective: To study the features of interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) during sleep and wakefulness in children with epilepsy.

Methods: The polysomnography, active EEG and video EEG were performed on 48 children with epilepsy during the whole night, and wakefulness of pre- and post-sleep. The epileptiform sharp/spike discharge indexes during sleep and wakefulness were recorded.

[Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on motor function in ambulant children with spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial].

Objective: To investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: After signing the informed consent, 78 children with CP, aged 45.6 +/- 8.

Time perception deficit in children with ADHD.

Time perception deficit has been demonstrated in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by using time production and time reproduction tasks. The impact of motor demand, however, has not yet been fully examined. The current study, which is reported herein, aimed to investigate the pure time perception of Chinese children with ADHD by using a duration discrimination task.

[Overnight sleep structure of children with epilepsia].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of epilepsy on sleep in children.

Methods: Whole night polysomnography was performed in 48 epileptic children and 12 healthy controls. The 48 epileptic children were divided into focal seizure and generalized seizure groups and into waking seizure and sleeping seizure groups according to the time of occurrence of the seizures.

[Effects of botulinum toxin guided by electric stimulation on spasticity in ankle plantar flexor of children with cerebral palsy: a randomized trial].

Objective: To compare the effects of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection guided by electric stimulation combined with physiotherapy, with physiotherapy only on the spasticity of the ankle plantar flexor in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: After signing the informed consent, 43 children with CP, aged 52.4 +/- 13.

[Analyze of the clinical characteristics in children with the severe abnormal auditory brainstem response and normal distortion product otoacoustic emission].

Objective: To explore the clinic and audiological characteristics of auditory neuropathy in children.

Methods: Between 2002 and 2004, ninety-eight cases with the severe abnormal results of ABR and the normal results of DPOAE were enrolled in the study group. The mean patient age was 9 months, with a range of 1 month to 5 years.