Rice's trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia.

Rice () serves as a staple food for more than one-third of the global population. However, its journey from a wild gathered food to domestication remains enigmatic, sparking ongoing debates in the biological and anthropological fields. Here, we present evidence of rice phytoliths sampled from two archaeological sites in China, Shangshan and Hehuashan, near the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Elucidating the toluene formation mechanism in the reaction of propargyl radical with 1,3-butadiene.

Toluene is one of the simplest mono-substituted benzene derivatives and an important precursor to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot. However, there is a lack of critical understanding of the formation mechanisms of the toluene molecule. In this work, we explore high-temperature reactions of propargyl radical addition to 1,3-butadiene in a tubular flow microreactor.

Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and dissociative photoionization of toluene: Experimental and theoretical insights.

The photoionization and dissociative photoionization of toluene have been studied using synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet light with photon energy in the range of 8.50-25.50 eV.

The Increased Channel Activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors at Extrasynaptic Sites in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Neonatal Rats Following Prolonged Ketamine Exposure.

Background: Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic, commonly used for analgesia and anesthesia in a variety of pediatric procedures. It acts as a non-competitive antagonist to block ion channels of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Our previous study showed that repeated ketamine exposure developed a compensatory increase in NMDAR-mediated currents in neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of neonatal rats, and this increase was largely mediated by the GluN2B subunit-containing receptors, a predominant type of NMDARs during embryonic and early development of the brain.

Enhanced activity and stability of La-doped CeO monolithic catalysts for lean-oxygen methane combustion.

Effective utilization of coal bed methane is very significant for energy utilization and environment protection. Catalytic combustion of methane is a promising way to eliminate trace amounts of oxygen in the coal bed methane and the key to this technology is the development of high-efficiency catalysts. Herein, we report a series of CeLaO (x = 0-0.

Prolonged ketamine exposure induces increased activity of the GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex of neonatal rats.

Ketamine is a commonly used anesthetic among pediatric patients due to its high efficacy. However, it has been demonstrated by several preclinical studies that, widespread accelerated programmed death of neurons (neuroapoptosis) occurs due to prolonged or repeated exposure to ketamine specifically in the neonatal brain. Therefore, an emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this selective vulnerability of the neonatal brain to ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis becomes important in order to identify potential therapeutic targets, which would help prevent or at least ameliorate this neuroapoptosis.

The blockade of NMDA receptor ion channels by ketamine is enhanced in developing rat cortical neurons.

Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) commonly used as a dissociative anesthetic in many pediatric procedures. Ketamine acts primarily by blocking NMDA ligand-gated channels. Experimental studies indicate that ketamine administration used for inducing clinically relevant anesthesia can lead to neurotoxic effects, such as apoptosis, selectively on immature brain neurons.

[Facilitation of synaptic transmission and connections of entorhinal-hippocampal pathway by 5-HT2C receptor subtype: multi-electrode array recordings].

Using 64-channels (8 × 8) multi-electrode array technique (MED-64 system), the modulatory actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2C receptor subtype on the entorhinal (EC)-hippocampal synaptic transmission and connections were studied. One of freshly dissociated acute hippocampal slices of rats which was placed on the MED-64 probe, was subject to constant perfusion with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, 95% O2 and 5% CO2). Two hours after ACSF incubation, simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings were performed.

Counteracting roles of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1 and 5 in regulation of pain-related spatial and temporal synaptic plasticity in rat entorhinal-hippocampal pathways.

It was previously found that persistent inflammatory pain state resulted in enhancement of synaptic connections and efficacy in direct entorhinal-hippocampal (EC-HIP) pathways. In the current study, the roles of two subtypes of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the above processes were evaluated. Similarly, pain-related spatial and temporal synaptic enhancement model was stably achieved by the multi-electrode array (8×8) recordings in the hippocampal slices of rats pre-treated with intraplantar (i.

Neural circuits and temporal plasticity in hindlimb representation of rat primary somatosensory cortex: revisited by multi-electrode array on brain slices.

Objective: The well-established planar multi-electrode array recording technique was used to investigate neural circuits and temporal plasticity in the hindlimb representation of the rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1 area).

Methods: Freshly dissociated acute brain slices of rats were subject to constant perfusion with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (95% O(2) and 5% CO(2)), and were mounted on a Med64 probe (64 electrodes, 8x8 array) for simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings. Current sources and sinks across all the 64 electrodes were transformed into two-dimensional current source density images by bilinear interpolation at each point of the 64 electrodes.