H9 Consensus Hemagglutinin Subunit Vaccine with Adjuvants Induces Robust Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Mice by Intranasal Administration.

The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses mainly cause respiratory symptoms, reduce the egg production and fertility of poultry, and result in secondary infections, posing a great threat to the poultry industry and human health. Currently, all H9N2 avian influenza commercial vaccines are inactivated vaccines, which provide protection for immunized animals but cannot inhibit the spread of the virus and make it difficult to distinguish between the infected animals and vaccinated animals. In this study, a trimeric consensus H9 hemagglutinin (HA) subunit vaccine for the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus based on a baculovirus expression system was first generated, and then the effects of three molecular adjuvants on the H9 HA subunit vaccine, Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), flagellin, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fused with H9 HA, and one synthetic compound, a polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) adjuvant, were evaluated in mice by intranasal administration.

Establishment of goat mammary organoid cultures modeling the mammary gland development and lactation.

Background: Although several cell culture systems have been developed to investigate the function of the mammary gland in dairy livestock, they have potential limitations, such as the loss of alveolar structure or genetic and phenotypic differences from their native counterparts. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for lactation research. Development of protocols to establish lactating organoid of livestock represents a promising goal for the future.

Research Progress on Immune Evasion of .

As the main pathogen associated with enzootic pneumonia (EP), (Mhp) is globally prevalent and inflicts huge financial losses on the worldwide swine industry each year. However, the pathogenicity of Mhp has not been fully explained to date. Mhp invasion usually leads to long-term chronic infection and persistent lung colonization, suggesting that Mhp has developed effective immune evasion strategies.

An inactivated PDCoV vaccine induces robust neutralizing antibodies and immune protection in pigs lasting for three months.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhea mainly in suckling piglets and has the potential to infect humans. Whereas, there is no commercially available vaccine which can effectively prevent this disease. In this study, to ascertain the duration of immune protection of inactivated PDCoV vaccine, suckling piglets were injected subcutaneously with inactivated PDCoV vaccine using a prime/boost strategy at 3 and 17-day-old.

The Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell-Based H9 HA Subunit Avian Influenza Vaccine Provides Complete Protection against the H9N2 Virus Challenge in Chickens.

(1) Background: Avian influenza has attracted widespread attention because of its severe effect on the poultry industry and potential threat to human health. The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses was the most prevalent in chickens, and there are several commercial vaccines available for the prevention of the H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses. However, due to the prompt antigenic drift and antigenic shift of influenza viruses, outbreaks of H9N2 viruses still continuously occur, so surveillance and vaccine updates for H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses are particularly important.

Lipopolysaccharide promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting TFEB-mediated autophagy in NRK-52E cells.

The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in many inflammatory diseases. Its activity must be strictly controlled to alleviate the inflammatory process. Autophagy plays a protective role in the negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Progress on innate immune evasion and live attenuated vaccine of pseudorabies virus.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that can infect most mammals, with pigs as the only natural host, has caused considerable economic losses to the pig husbandry of the world. Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against the attack of pathogens and is essential for the proper establishment of adaptive immunity. The host uses the innate immune response to against the invasion of PRV; however PRV makes use of various strategies to inhibit the innate immunity to promote the virus replication.

Protective Effect of Phloretin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage by Enhancing Autophagic Flux in DF-1 Cells.

Phloretin (PHL) is a dihydrochalcone flavonoid isolated from the peel and root bark of apples, strawberries, and other plants with antioxidative characteristic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect and the potential mechanism of PHL on hydrogen peroxide (HO)-induced oxidative damage in DF-1 cells. The results showed that PHL exhibited no cytotoxic effect on DF-1 cells at concentration below 20 M.

Chitosan-Based Nanomaterial as Immune Adjuvant and Delivery Carrier for Vaccines.

With the support of modern biotechnology, vaccine technology continues to iterate. The safety and efficacy of vaccines are some of the most important areas of development in the field. As a natural substance, chitosan is widely used in numerous fields-such as immune stimulation, drug delivery, wound healing, and antibacterial procedures-due to its good biocompatibility, low toxicity, biodegradability, and adhesion.

Comparison of pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus CZ2020 from cell culture and intestinal contents in 27-day-old piglets.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emenging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that can cause high mortality rate. It affects pigs of all ages, but most several in neonatal piglets. Little is known regarding the pathogenicity of PDCoV against 27-day-old piglets.

ARNT Inhibits H5N1 Influenza A Virus Replication by Interacting with the PA Protein.

Increasing evidence suggests that the polymerase acidic (PA) protein of influenza A viruses plays an important role in viral replication and pathogenicity. However, information regarding the interaction(s) of host factors with PA is scarce. By using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a novel host factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), that interacts with the PA protein of the H5N1 virus.

Development of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine for and Evaluation of Its Immune Responses in Mice and Piglets.

(Mhp), the primary pathogen causing pneumonia of swine (MPS), brings massive economic losses worldwide. Genomic variability and post-translational protein modification can enhance the immune evasion of Mhp, which makes MPS prone to recurrent outbreaks on farms, even with vaccination or other treatments. The reverse vaccinology pipeline has been developed as an attractive potential method for vaccine development due to its high efficiency and applicability.

A Glycolipid α-GalCer Derivative, 7DW8-5 as a Novel Mucosal Adjuvant for the Split Inactivated Influenza Vaccine.

Influenza virus infects the host and transmits through the respiratory tract (i.e., the mouth and nose); therefore, the development of intranasal influenza vaccines that mimic the natural infection, coupled with an efficient mucosal adjuvant, is an attractive alternative to current parenteral vaccines.

KAP1 Positively Modulates Influenza A Virus Replication by Interacting with PB2 and NS1 Proteins in Human Lung Epithelial Cells.

Influenza virus only encodes a dozen of viral proteins, which need to use host machinery to complete the viral life cycle. Previously, KAP1 was identified as one host protein that potentially interacts with influenza viral proteins in HEK 293 cells. However, the role of KAP1 in influenza virus replication in human lung alveolar epithelial cells and the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces Vero Cell Apoptosis via the p53-PUMA Signaling Pathway.

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of swine epidemic diarrhea. In order to study the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV, PEDV was inoculated into Vero cells cultured in vitro, and the total RNA of Vero cells was extracted to construct a library for Illumina high-throughput sequencing and screening of differentially expressed genes ( < 0.05).

[Expression and function analysis of FaCO gene in Festuca arundinacea].

Photoperiod plays an important role in transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in plants. CONSTANS (CO), as a unique gene in the photoperiod pathway, responds to changes of day length to initiate flowering in the plant. In this study, the expression level of FaCONSTANS (FaCO) gene under long-day, short-day, continuous light and continuous darkness conditions was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens-9 as an Alternative Approach to Cure Diarrhea in Saanen Kids.

(GBacillus-9), derived from the intestinal tract of the white-spotted bamboo shark, secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the role of GBacillus-9 in the prevention and treatment of Saanen kids with diarrhea was assessed. Six healthy kids (HL) and six kids with diarrhea (DL) were selected.

Genomic Variability and Post-translational Protein Processing Enhance the Immune Evasion of and Its Interaction With the Porcine Immune System.

(, Mhp) is a geographically widespread and economically devastating pathogen that colonizes ciliated epithelium; the infection of Mhp can damnify the mucociliary functions as well as leading to pneumonia of swine (MPS). MPS is a chronic respiratory infectious disease with high infectivity, and the mortality can be increased by secondary infections as the host immunity gets down-regulated during Mhp infection. The host immune responses are regarded as the main driving force for the disease development, while MPS is prone to attack repeatedly in farms even with vaccination or other treatments.

Immune responses induced by a combined vaccination with a recombinant chimera of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens and capsid virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2.

Background: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two important pathogens causing Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) and porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs), respectively, and resulted in considerable economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination is one of the main measures to control these two diseases; however, there are few combination vaccines that can prevent these two diseases. To determine the effect of combination immunization, we developed capsid-derived (Cap) virus-like particles (VLPs) of PCV2 and a new recombinant chimera composed of the P97R1, P46, and P42 antigens of Mhp.

Development of a Combined Genetic Engineering Vaccine for Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and by a Baculovirus Expression System.

(Mhp) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are the main pathogens for mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) and post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respectively. Infection by these pathogens often happens together and causes great economic losses. In this study, a kind of recombinant baculovirus that can display P97R1P46P42 chimeric protein of Mhp and the capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 was developed, and the protein location was identified.

Immunoenhancement of Recombinant Neisseria meningitides PorB Protein on Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Genetically Engineered Vaccines.

Background: Porcine circovirus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae can cause respiratory diseases in pigs, which cause serious economic loss in the worldwide pig industry. Currently, these infections are mainly prevented and controlled by vaccination. The new vaccines on the market are mainly composed of subunits and inactivated vaccines but usually have lower antigenicity than traditional live vaccines.

A concise review of vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is the pathogen of Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), a chronic respiratory infectious discease which causes enormous losses to the swine industry worldwide. At present, vaccination is the most effective mean to prevent and reduce economic losses caused by this pathogen. Currently, MPS vaccines mainly include inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines.

Quercetin attenuates AZT-induced neuroinflammation in the CNS.

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication in patients. However, continuous HAART is required to prevent viral rebound, which may have detrimental effects in various tissues, including persistent neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxy flavones), a natural antioxidant used in Chinese traditional medicines, suppresses the neuroinflammation that is induced by chronic exposure to Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is commonly part of HAART regimens.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) induce proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS via Wnt5a signaling.

HAART is very effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication in patients. However, patients staying on long-term HAART still develop various HIV-associated neurological disorders, even when the viral load is low. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown.

HIV-1 gp120 Upregulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Expression in BV2 Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.

HIV-1 gp120 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated pain, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. This study aims to determine the effect and possible mechanism of HIV-1 gp120 on BDNF expression in BV2 cells (a murine-derived microglial cell line). We observed that gp120 (10 ng/ml) activated BV2 cells in cultures and upregulated proBDNF/mBDNF.