Probing a chiral drug using long period fiber gratings.

The electromagnetic field theory for a step-index fiber geometry is developed to sense a surrounding chiral drug via long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). This theory employs Debye potentials and electromagnetic fields for cladding modes in the LPFGs by introducing constitutive relations for a chiral drug. The fields in the chiral drug are transformed and decomposed into right- and left-hand circularly polarized components to account for the magnetoelectric coupling due to the chirality.

Comparison of sludge treatment by O3 and O3/H2O2.

This work focuses on the comparison of sludge decomposition caused by ozone (O3) alone and by ozone/hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2). The content of carbonaceous organic materials, nitrogenous compounds and phosphoric substances in sludge supernatant were measured. The release of soluble chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) caused by O3/H2O2 treatment were more than by O3 alone.