Assessment of genotoxic potential of fragrance materials in the chicken egg assays.

The genotoxic and clastogenic/aneugeneic potentials of four α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, 2-phenyl-2-butenal, nona-2-trans-6-cis-dienal, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, and p-methoxy cinnamaldehyde, which are used as fragrance materials, were assessed using the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) and the Hen's egg micronucleus (HET-MN) assay, respectively. Selection of materials was based on their chemical structures and the results of their previous assessment in the regulatory in vitro and/or in vivo genotoxicity test battery. Three tested materials, 2-phenyl-2-butenal, nona-2-trans-6-cis-dienal, and 2-methyl-2-pentenal, were negative in both, CEGA and HET-MN assays.

Assessment of no-observed-effect-levels for DNA adducts formation by genotoxic carcinogens in fetal turkey livers.

For genotoxic carcinogens, covalent binding to DNA is a critical initiating event in tumorigenesis. The present research investigated dose-effect relationships of three genotoxic carcinogens representing different structural classes, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and quinoline (QUI), to assess the existence of no-observed-effect-levels (NOELs) for the formation of DNA adducts. Carcinogens were administered into the air sac of fertilized turkey eggs over wide dose ranges in three daily injections on days 22 to 24 of incubation.

High-Performance Breaking and Intelligent of Miniature Circuit Breakers.

The exploitation and utilization of clean energy such as wind and photovoltaic power plays an important role in the reduction in carbon emissions to achieve the goal of "emission peak and carbon neutral", but such a quantity of clean energy accessing the electric system will foster the transition of the electric power system structure. The intelligentization of power equipment will be an inevitable trend of development. High breaking performance, remote control and a digital detection platform of miniature circuit breaker, a protective equipment of a power distribution system, have also been inevitable requirements of the power Iot system.

A Single-Phase High-Impedance Ground Faulty Feeder Detection Method for Small Resistance to Ground Systems Based on Current-Voltage Phase Difference.

At present, the small resistance to ground system (SRGS) is mainly protected by fixed-time zero-sequence overcurrent protection, but its ability to detect transition resistance is only about 100 Ω, which is unable to detect single-phase high resistance grounding fault (SPHIF). This paper analyzes the zero-sequence characteristics of SPHIF for SRGS and proposes a SPHIF feeder detection method that uses the current-voltage phase difference. The proposed method is as follows: first, the zero-sequence current phase of each feeder is calculated.

Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals for DNA Damage in the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA).

DNA damage is an established initiating event in the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of genotoxic chemicals. Accordingly, assessment of this endpoint is critical for chemicals which are being developed for use in humans. To assess the ability of the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) to detect genotoxic pharmaceuticals, a set of 23 compounds with different pharmacological and reported genotoxic effects was tested for the potential to produce nuclear DNA adducts and strand breaks in the embryo-fetal livers using the P-nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) and comet assays, respectively.

Analysis of the Influence of the Breaking Radiation Magnetic Field of a 10 kV Intelligent Circuit Breaker on an Electronic Transformer.

The development of the smart grid requires the distribution switch to not be limited to the original breaking function. More functional requirements lead to more complex switch structures, especially the intelligent processing unit on the secondary side. A technology called primary and secondary integration optimizes the structure of the switch, which greatly increases the intelligence level of the switch, but also has disadvantages.

DNA-damaging activities of twenty-four structurally diverse unsubstituted and substituted cyclic compounds in embryo-fetal chicken livers.

DNA-damaging activities of twenty-four structurally diverse unsubstituted and substituted cyclic compounds were assessed in embryo-fetal chicken livers. Formation of DNA adducts and strand breaks were measured using the nucleotide P-postlabelling (NPL) and comet assays, respectively. Unsubstituted monocyclic benzene, polycyclic fused ring compound naphthalene, covalently connected polycyclic ring compound biphenyl, and heterocyclic ring compound fluorene did not produce DNA damage.

Electricity Consumption Forecasting using Support Vector Regression with the Mixture Maximum Correntropy Criterion.

The electricity consumption forecasting (ECF) technology plays a crucial role in the electricity market. The support vector regression (SVR) is a nonlinear prediction model that can be used for ECF. The electricity consumption (EC) data are usually nonlinear and non-Gaussian and present outliers.

Assessment and characterization of DNA adducts produced by alkenylbenzenes in fetal turkey and chicken livers.

Formation of DNA adducts by five alkenylbenzenes, safrole, methyl eugenol, eugenol, and asarone with either α- or β-conformation, was analyzed in fetal avian livers in two in ovo models. DNA reactivity of the carcinogens safrole and methyl eugenol was previously demonstrated in the turkey egg model, whereas non-genotoxic eugenol was negative. In the current study, alkenylbenzenes were also tested in the chicken egg model.

Expression of Genes Encoding for Xenobiotic Metabolism After Exposure to Dialkylnitrosamines in the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Alternative Model.

The Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) demonstrated responsiveness to various DNA-reactive chemicals requiring metabolic activation, which implies broad bioactivation capability. To assess potential metabolic competence, expression profiles of metabolic genes in the embryo-chicken fetal liver were determined using microarray technology. Fertilized chicken eggs were injected under the CEGA protocol with vehicle (deionized water [DW]), the activation-dependent carcinogens, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) at doses producing no effect on survival.

Sparse-Aware Bias-Compensated Adaptive Filtering Algorithms Using the Maximum Correntropy Criterion for Sparse System Identification with Noisy Input.

To address the sparse system identification problem under noisy input and non-Gaussian output measurement noise, two novel types of sparse bias-compensated normalized maximum correntropy criterion algorithms are developed, which are capable of eliminating the impact of non-Gaussian measurement noise and noisy input. The first is developed by using the correntropy-induced metric as the sparsity penalty constraint, which is a smoothed approximation of the ℓ 0 norm. The second is designed using the proportionate update scheme, which facilitates the close tracking of system parameter change.

In ovo testing of flavor and fragrance materials in Turkey Egg Genotoxicity Assay (TEGA), comparison of results to in vitro and in vivo data.

Genotoxicity of flavor and fragrance materials was assessed in Turkey Egg Genotoxicity Assay (TEGA) using P-nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) and comet assays to detect hepatic DNA adducts and strand breaks. Twenty materials having results in GADD45a-Gluc 'BlueScreen HC' genotoxicity assay, and standard in vitro and in vivo tests, were selected to evaluate the accuracy of TEGA. Quinoline (QUI) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) served as positive comparators.

Electricity Consumption Forecasting Scheme via Improved LSSVM with Maximum Correntropy Criterion.

In recent years, with the deepening of China's electricity sales side reform and electricity market opening up gradually, the forecasting of electricity consumption (FoEC) becomes an extremely important technique for the electricity market. At present, how to forecast the electricity accurately and make an evaluation of results scientifically are still key research topics. In this paper, we propose a novel prediction scheme based on the least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) model with a maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) to forecast the electricity consumption (EC).

Assessment of DNA Binding and Oxidative DNA Damage by Acrylonitrile in Two Rat Target Tissues of Carcinogenicity: Implications for the Mechanism of Action.

Exposure to acrylonitrile induces formation of tumors at multiple sites in rats, with females being more sensitive. The present study assessed possible mechanisms of acrylonitrile tumorigenicity, covalent DNA binding, DNA breakage, and oxidative DNA damage, in two target tissues, the brain and Zymbal's glands, of sensitive female Fischer (F344) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. One group received acrylonitrile in drinking water at 100 ppm for 28 days.

GRAS determination scientific procedures and possible alternatives.

The use of a food substance is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) through scientific procedures or experience based on common use in food. The pivotal data used for GRAS determination must be of common knowledge and should include evidence for safety under the conditions of intended use of the substance. Such evidence includes data on the identity and specifications of the substance, its properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, and depending on the level of concern, data on genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity.

Significantly enhanced tumor cellular and lysosomal hydroxychloroquine delivery by smart liposomes for optimal autophagy inhibition and improved antitumor efficiency with liposomal doxorubicin.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) inhibits autophagy and therefore can sensitize some cancer cells to chemotherapy, but the high doses required limit its clinical use. Here we show that loading HCQ into liposomes (HCQ/Lip) decorated with a pH-sensitive TH-RGD targeting peptide (HCQ/Lip-TR) can concentrate HCQ in B16F10 tumor cells and lysosomes. HCQ/Lip-TR was efficiently internalized as a result of its ability to bind ITGAV-ITGB3/integrin αvβ3 receptors highly expressed on the tumor cell surface and to undergo charge reversal from anionic at pH 7.

Structure-Activity Relationships for DNA Damage by Alkenylbenzenes in Turkey Egg Fetal Liver.

Certain alkenylbenzenes (AB), flavoring chemicals naturally occurring in spices and herbs, are established to be cytotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. The purpose of the present study was to determine the DNA damaging potential of key representatives of this class using the Turkey Egg Genotoxicity Assay. Medium white turkey eggs with 22- to 24-day-old fetuses received three injections of nine AB with different carcinogenic potentials: safrole (1, 2 mg/egg), methyl eugenol (2, 4 mg/egg), estragole (20, 40 mg/egg), myristicin (25, 50 mg/egg), elemicin (20, 50 mg/egg), anethole (5, 10 mg/egg), methyl isoeugenol (40, 80 mg/egg), eugenol (1, 2.

Sex differences in DNA damage produced by the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene in cultured human hepatocytes compared to rat liver and cultured rat hepatocytes.

Male rats are more susceptible to the induction of liver cancer by the aromatic amine 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) than are females. To assess the basis for this difference and to determine whether sex differences in susceptibility to AAF are present in human liver cells, the DNA reactivity of AAF was measured in livers of male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and in cultured SD rat and human hepatocytes of both sexes. In livers of rats administered oral doses of AAF, the total levels of adducts measured by nucleotide postlabelling at up to 8 weeks were about twofold greater in males than in females.

In vivo genotoxicity of estragole in male F344 rats.

Estragole, a naturally occurring constituent of various herbs and spices, is a rodent liver carcinogen which requires bio-activation. To further understand the mechanisms underlying its carcinogenicity, genotoxicity was assessed in F344 rats using the comet, micronucleus (MN), and DNA adduct assays together with histopathological analysis. Oxidative damage was measured using human 8-oxoguanine-DNA-N-glycosylase (hOGG1) and EndonucleaseIII (EndoIII)-modified comet assays.

Chicken fetal liver DNA damage and adduct formation by activation-dependent DNA-reactive carcinogens and related compounds of several structural classes.

The chicken egg genotoxicity assay (CEGA), which utilizes the liver of an intact and aseptic embryo-fetal test organism, was evaluated using four activation-dependent DNA-reactive carcinogens and four structurally related less potent carcinogens or non-carcinogens. In the assay, three daily doses of test substances were administered to eggs containing 9-11-day-old fetuses and the fetal livers were assessed for two endpoints, DNA breaks using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and DNA adducts using the (32)P-nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) assay. The effects of four carcinogens of different structures requiring distinct pathways of bioactivation, i.

Relationship of cellular topoisomerase IIα inhibition to cytotoxicity and published genotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in V79 cells.

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics are bacteriocidal through inhibition of the bacterial gyrase and at sufficient concentrations in vitro, they can inhibit the homologous eukaryotic topoisomerase (TOPO) II enzyme. FQ exert a variety of genotoxic effects in mammalian systems through mechanisms not yet established, but which are postulated to involve inhibition of TOPO II enzymes. To assess the relationship of inhibition of cell nuclear TOPO II to cytotoxicity and reported genotoxicity, two FQ, clinafloxacin (CLFX) and lomefloxacin (LOFX), having available genotoxicity data showing substantial differences with CLFX being more potent than LOFX, were selected for study.

Methyleugenol hepatocellular cancer initiating effects in rat liver.

Methyleugenol (MEG), a constituent of plants used in the human diet, is hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. In an experiment to elucidate its mode of action in rat liver, male F344 rats were administered MEG intragastrically at 3 doses per week for up to 16 weeks in an initiation phase, after which half the rats were fed 500 ppm phenobarbital (PB) in the diet to promote liver neoplasia and the other half were maintained on control diet for 24 weeks. At 8 and 16 week interim terminations, (32)P-nucleotide postlabeling assay revealed 3 adducts in livers of all MEG groups.

Furan induction of DNA cross-linking and strand breaks in turkey fetal liver in comparison to 1,3-propanediol.

Furan, a food contaminant formed by heating, is hepatocarcinogenic to rats and mice. Conflicting genotoxicity data exist on furan and its metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial and there are few data for the target organ, the liver. We assessed the abilities of furan and, as a positive control, 1,3-propanediol (PDO), to cause DNA damage in the livers of turkey fetuses in ovo using the alkaline comet assay.

Assessment of the medicines lidocaine, prilocaine, and their metabolites, 2,6-dimethylaniline and 2-methylaniline, for DNA adduct formation in rat tissues.

The local anesthetics lidocaine (lido) and prilocaine (prilo) are metabolized to their constituent aromatic amines 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA, 2,6-xylidine) and 2-methylaniline (MA, o-toluidine), respectively, which are both tumorigenic in rats. The capacity of lido and prilo to form DNA adducts was assessed in major target tissues for aromatic amines in male F344 rats in comparison to equimolar doses of DMA and MA using the (32)P-postlabeling assay. Direct reaction of putative DNA-reactive metabolites N-hydroxy-DMA and N-hydroxy-MA with isolated DNA yielded reference adducts.

Inhibition by acetaminophen of neoplastic initiation elicited in rat liver by the DNA-reactive hepatocarcinogen N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene.

Acetaminophen, a monocyclic phenolic compound and analgesic, when fed at 8900 p.p.m.