Comparison of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Pyroptosis Induced by Pathogenic Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate and Physiologic Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate Crystals in HK-2 Cells: Insights into Kidney Stone Formation.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can activate pyroptosis through CHOP and TXNIP; however, the correlation between this process and the formation of kidney stones has not been reported. The purpose is to investigate the effects of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) on ERS and pyroptosis in HK-2 cells and to explore the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate stones. HK-2 cells were injured by 3 μm COM and COD.

Sulfated Polysaccharides Inhibit CaOx Stone Formation by Inhibiting Calcium Oxalate Crystallization, Cellular Inflammation, and Crystal Adhesion.

Hyperoxaluria can easily induce calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and cause cell damage, thereby increasing the risk of kidney stone formation. In this study, three sulfated polysaccharides (PSPs) were obtained by the sulfur trioxide-pyridine method. The antioxidant activity of PSPs and the inhibitory effects of PSPs on CaOx crystallization, cellular oxidative damage, and cellular inflammation were explored in vitro, and PSPs were used to treat hyperoxaluria-induced crystallization model mice in order to validate the stone-preventive effect of PSPs in vivo.

Enhancement of Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Corn Silk Polysaccharides After Selenium Modification.

Objective: This study aimed to study the effect of selenium modification on the bioactivity of corn silk polysaccharides, particularly its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions.

Methods: HNO-NaSeO was used to selenize degraded corn silk polysaccharides (DCSP). The structure and physicochemical properties of DCSP and selenized corn silk polysaccharides (Se-DCSP) were characterized by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, nanometer, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.

Sulfated Polysaccharides Reduce the Adhesion of Nano-COM Crystals to Renal Epithelial Cells by Inhibiting Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

Adhesion between calcium oxalate crystals and renal tubular epithelial cells is a vital cause of renal stone formation; however, the drugs that inhibit crystal adhesion and the mechanism of inhibition have yet to be explored. The cell injury model was constructed using nano-COM crystals, and changes in oxidative stress levels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress levels, downstream p38 MAPK protein expression, apoptosis, adhesion protein osteopontin expression, and cell-crystal adhesion were examined in the presence of polysaccharide (DLP) and sulfated DLP (SDLP) under protected and unprotected conditions. Both DLP and SDLP inhibited nano-COM damage to human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cell (HK-2), increased cell viability, decreased ROS levels, reduced the opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore, markedly reduced ER Ca ion concentration and adhesion molecule OPN expression, down-regulated the expression of ER stress signature proteins including CHOP, Caspase 12, and p38 MAPK, and decreased the apoptosis rate of cells.

Corn Silk Polysaccharide Reduces the Risk of Kidney Stone Formation by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inhibiting COM Crystal Adhesion and Aggregation.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study is to explore the inhibition of nanocalcium oxalate monohydrate (nano-COM) crystal adhesion and aggregation on the HK-2 cell surface after the protection of corn silk polysaccharides (CSPs) and the effect of carboxyl group (-COOH) content and polysaccharide concentration.

Method: HK-2 cells were damaged by 100 nm COM crystals to build an injury model. The cells were protected by CSPs with -COOH contents of 3.

Carboxymethylated Desmodium styracifolium polysaccharide reduces the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation by inhibiting crystal adhesion and promoting crystal endocytosis.

The inhibition of cell surface crystal adhesion and an appropriate increase in crystal endocytosis contribute to the inhibition of kidney stone formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of different degrees of carboxymethylation on these processes. An injury model was established by treating human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells with 98.

Carboxymethylated Rhizoma alismatis polysaccharides reduces the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation by reducing cellular inflammation and oxidative stress.

This study aims to elucidate the mechanism and potential of Rhizoma alismatis polysaccharides (RAPs) in preventing oxidative damage to human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The experimental approach involved incubating HK-2 cells with 100 nm calcium oxalate monohydrate for 24 h to establish a cellular injury model. Protection was provided by RAPs with varying carboxyl group contents: 3.

Different Degrees of Sulfated Laminaria Polysaccharides Recovered Damaged HK-2 Cells and Inhibited Adhesion of Nano-COM and Nano-COD Crystals.

Purpose: The crystal adhesion caused by the damage of renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) is the key to the formation of kidney stones. However, no effective preventive drug has been found. This study aims to explore the recovery effects of four Laminaria polysaccharides (SLPs) with different sulfate (-OSO) contents on damaged HK-2 cells and the difference in the adhesion of damaged cells to nanometer calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) before and after recovery.

Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights and Cytotoxicity Difference of Polysaccharides Regulated CaOx to HK-2 Cells.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the growth of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals regulated by polysaccharides (AAPs) with different viscosity-average molecular weights (), the toxicity of AAP-regulated CaOx crystals toward HK-2 cells, and the prevention and treatment capabilities of AAPs for CaOx stones.

Methods: The scavenging capability and reducing capacity of four kinds of AAPs ( of 31.52, 11.

Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity, Adhesion, and Endocytosis of Micro-/Nano-hydroxyapatite Crystals in HK-2 Cells.

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) is often used as a crystal nest to induce calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stone formation, but the mechanism of interaction between HAP crystals of different properties and renal tubular epithelial cells remains unclear. In this study, the adhesion and endocytosis of HAP crystals with sizes of 40 nm, 70 nm, 1 μm, and 2 μm (HAP-40 nm, HAP-70 nm, HAP-1 μm, and HAP-2 μm, respectively) to human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were comparatively studied. The results showed that HAP crystals of all sizes promoted the expression of osteopontin and hyaluronic acid on the cell surface, destroyed the integrity of the lysosomes, and induced the apoptosis and necrosis of cells.

Carboxylated Pocoa polysaccharides inhibited oxidative damage and inflammation of HK-2 cells induced by calcium oxalate nanoparticles.

The inhibitory effects of Chinese medicine Pocoa (PCPs) with different carboxyl group (-COOH) contents on oxidative damage and inflammatory response of renal epithelial cells and the influence of -COOH content in polysaccharides were investigated. HK-2 cell damage model was established by nanocalcium oxalate crystals (nanoCOM), and then PCPs with -COOH contents of 2.56% (PCP0), 7.

Carboxymethylated Polysaccharides Regulate Calcium Oxalate Crystals Growth and Reduce the Regulated Crystals' Cytotoxicity.

Objective: This study explored the effects of polysaccharides (RAPD) extracted from the traditional anti-stone Chinese medicine and their carboxymethylated derivatives (RAPs) on the crystal phase, morphology, and size of calcium oxalate (CaOx). It also determined the damaging ability of the regulated crystals on human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2).

Methods: RAPD carboxymethylation with a carboxyl group (-COOH) content of 3.

Sulfated Polysaccharide Promotes Endocytosis of Nano-Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate by Repairing Subcellular Organelles in HK-2 Cells.

The clinical manifestation of primary hyperoxaluria includes hyperoxaluria and recurrent urinary calculi. In this study, an oxidative damage model was constructed based on oxalate damage to the human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2), and a comparative study was carried out on four different sulfated levels of polysaccharides (UPP0, UPP1, UPP2, and UPP3 with sulfate group [-OSO] contents of 1.59%, 6.

Synergistic inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation and synergistic protection of HK-2 cells from crystal damage by sulfated polysaccharide and potassium citrate.

: The first objective is to study the synergistic inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) formation by polysaccharides (DLP and SDLP, before and after sulfation) and potassium citrate (Kcit) and determine the synergistic protection of renal epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) caused by CaOx crystal damage. The second objective is to explore new ways to prevent and treat kidney stones. : The CaOx crystals regulated by five additives (Kcit group, DLP group, SDLP group, DLP-Kcit synergistic group and SDLP-Kcit synergistic group) were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, zeta potential, ICP, and TGA.

Antioxidant Activities and Cytotoxicity of the Regulated Calcium Oxalate Crystals on HK-2 Cells of Polysaccharides from with Different Molecular Weights.

The antioxidant activities of seven degraded products (GLPs) with different molecular weights () of polysaccharides from were compared. The of GLP1-GLP7 were 106, 49.6, 10.

Carboxymethylation of Polysaccharide and Its Repair Effect on Damaged HK-2 Cells.

Objective: is the best traditional medicine for treating kidney calculi in China. This study is aimed at increasing the carboxyl (-COOH) content of polysaccharide (DSP0) and further increasing its antistone activity.

Methods: DSP0 was carboxymethylated with chloroacetic acid at varying degrees.

Interaction between nanometer calcium oxalate and renal epithelial cells repaired with carboxymethylated polysaccharides.

Objective: Injury of renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) is an important cause of kidney stone formation. In this article, the repairing effect of polysaccharide (PCP0) extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Poria cocos and its carboxymethylated derivatives on damaged HK-2 cells was studied, and the differences in adhesion and endocytosis of the cells to nanometer calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) before and after repair were explored.

Methods: Sodium oxalate (2.

Sulfated Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide inhibits the formation of kidney stones by inhibiting HK-2 cell damage and reducing the adhesion of nano‑calcium oxalate crystals.

Objective: The formation of kidney stone is closely related to cell injury and crystal adhesion.

Method: The sulfur trioxide-pyridine method was used to sulfate raw Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide (UPP) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 8.33 kDa.

Regulatory Effects of Damaged Renal Epithelial Cells After Repair by Polysaccharides with Different Sulfation Degree on the Calcium Oxalate Crystal-Cell Interaction.

Background: The interaction between urinary microcrystals and renal epithelial cells is closely related to kidney stone formation. However, the mechanism of cell state changes that affect crystal-cell interaction remains unclear.

Methods: This study investigated the relationship between the sulfate group (-OSO ) content in polysaccharide (PYP) and the ability to repair damaged cells, as well as the changes in cell adhesion and endocytosis of nano-calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals before and after PYP repair of damaged renal tubular epithelial cells.

Regulation of Polysaccharides with Different Degrees of Sulfation during the Growth of Calcium Oxalate Crystals and their Protective Effects on Renal Epithelial Cells.

The original polysaccharide (LP0) was sulfated using the sulfur trioxide-pyridine method, and four sulfated polysaccharides (SLPs) were obtained, namely, SLP1, SLP2, SLP3, and SLP4. The sulfated (-OSO ) contents were 8.58%, 15.

Antioxidant activity of sulfated Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharides and their regulating effect on calcium oxalate crystal growth.

The nucleation, growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and the oxidative damage of renal tubular epithelial cells are the key factors to induce kidney stones. In this study, degraded Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide (PYP0) with 14.14% sulfate group (-OSO) content was modified via the sulfur trioxide-pyridine method to obtain three kinds of sulfated P.

Carboxymethylation of Corn Silk Polysaccharide and Its Inhibition on Adhesion of Nanocalcium Oxalate Crystals to Damaged Renal Epithelial Cells.

The purpose of this study was to explore the repair effect of carboxymethyl-modified corn silk polysaccharide (CSP) on oxidatively damaged renal epithelial cells and the difference in adhesion between cells and calcium oxalate crystals. The CSP was degraded and modified through carboxymethylation. An oxidatively damaged cell model was constructed by oxalate damage to human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells.

Protective Effect of Degraded Polysaccharides on the Oxidative Damage of Renal Epithelial Cells and on the Adhesion and Endocytosis of Nanocalcium Oxalate Crystals.

The protective effects of polysaccharides (PYPs) with molecular weights of 576.2 (PYP1), 105.4 (PYP2), 22.

Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Formation and Antioxidant Activity of Carboxymethylated Polysaccharides.

Three carboxymethylated polysaccharides (PCP-C1, PCP-C2, and PCP-C3) with -COOH contents of 6.13%, 10.24%, and 16.

Effects of Selenized Polysaccharide on the Adhesion and Endocytosis of Nanocalcium Oxalate Dihydrate after the Repair of Damaged HK-2 Cells.

An oxidative damage model of human proximal renal epithelial cells (HK-2) was established using oxalate damage. The repair effects of polysaccharide (APS) and selenized APS (Se-APS) on damaged HK-2 cells were investigated. Differences in the adhesion and endocytosis of HK-2 cells to calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals with a size of approximately 100 nm before and after APS and Se-APS repair were also explored.