Advances in extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds from plant materials.

Phenolic compounds, the most abundant secondary metabolites in plants, have received more and more attention in recent years because of their distinct bioactivities. This review summarizes different types of phenolic compounds and their extraction and analytical methods used in the recent reports, involving 59 phenolic compounds from 52 kinds of plants. The extraction methods include solid-liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extractions, microwave-assisted extractions, supercritical fluid extraction, and other methods.

[Preparation of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol-Phospholipid Complex HAP Assemblies].

Objective: To study the preparation of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-phospholipid (20(S)-PPD) complex HAP assemblies.

Methods: 20(S)-PPD phospholipid complex was assembled with the drug carriers of HAP. Effects of technological factors on the assembled amount were investigated, including HAP species, phospholipid complex concentration, ratio of HAP and assembled liquid, and then the preparation technology of 20(S)-PPD phospholipid complex HAP assemblies was determined.

[Study on the extraction process and macroporous resin for purification of Timosaponin B II].

Objective: To optimize the extraction process and macroporous resin for purification of Timosaponin B II from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.

Methods: Orthogonal design L9 (34) was employed to optimize the circumfluence extraction conditions by taking the extraction yield of Timosaponin B II as index. The absorption-desorption characteristics of eight kinds of macroporous resins were evaluated, then the best resin was chosen to optimize the purification process conditions.

A validated HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of genipin-1-o-glucuronic acid in rat plasma after administration of genipin and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A sensitive and specific method was developed and validated for the quantitation of one major metabolite of genipin in rats plasma. The major metabolite was isolated from rat bile via semi-preparative HPLC technology and its chemical structure was identified as genipin-1-o-glucuronic acid (GNP-GLU), which was for the first time used as a standard compound for quantitative analysis in rat plasma after administration of genipin. The application of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode in multiple reaction monitoring mode was investigated.

Quantification of conjugated metabolites of drugs in biological matrices after the hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sufatase: a review of bio-analytical methods.

Glucuronidation and sulfation represent two major pathways in phase II drug metabolism in humans and other mammalian species. The great majority of drugs, for example, polyphenols, flavonoids and anthraquinones, could be transformed into sulfated and glucuronidated conjugates simultaneously and extensively in vivo. The pharmacological activities of drug conjugations are normally decreased compared with those of their free forms.

Simultaneous determination of dihydromyricetin and resveratrol in Ampelopsis sinica (Miq.) W.T. Wang by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detection method.

Yeputaoteng is the dried ground part of Ampelopsis sinica (Miq.) W.T.

[Research on the preparative method of Arctigenin].

Objective: To research on the preparation of Arctigenin in vitro.

Methods: Took enzyme concentration, time course and substrate concentration as investigation factors, used Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology to optimize the enzyme hydrolysis path of Arctigenin.

Results: The best operational path for Arctigenin was as follows: the temperature was 50 degrees C, pH was 4.

A convenient and efficient one-pot conversion of peimisine into cyclopamine.

A convenient and efficient one-pot synthesis of cyclopamine from peimisine is described. The key steps involve one-pot hydrazination and subsequent Bamford-Stevens reaction. The mild reaction conditions, high overall yield as well as an easy purification indicate this process can potentially be used for the scale-up preparation of cyclopamine.

Potential hepatotoxicity of geniposide, the major iridoid glycoside in dried ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhi-zi).

The safety of geniposide, mainly focusing on its hepatotoxicity in rats, was determined by liver enzymes in serum and histopathology ultrastructural preparation. The lethal dose, 50% (LD50) of per oral geniposide was 1431.1 mg kg(-1).

HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantification of genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase. Genipin could not be detected directly as it could be transformed into other forms such as conjugated-genipin immediately after administration. The conjugated genipin could be hydrolyzed by sulfatase to genipin.

[Technology study on extraction and purification of alkaloid from Stemona japonica].

Objective: In order to obtain the optimal conditions for separating the alkaloids from the extract of Stemona japonica by selecting appropriate cation exchange resins.

Methods: Seven types of cation exchange resins were evaluated in separating efficiency with measuring the adsorption ratio and eluting ratio of total alkaloids as indices, and the content of total alkaloids from Stemona japonica was determined as an index by spectrophotometry to choose the optimal technological parameters.

Results: The optimal result of extraction was obtained as Stemona japonica shattered into thick powder, adding eight times amount of 90% alcohol and refluxing and extracting for 3 h (totally extracting for 3 times).

[Purification of geniposide in the extract fluid of Gardenia jasminoides with macroporous absorption resin].

Objective: To optimize the process for purification of geniposide in the extract fluid of Gardenia jasminoides with macroporous absorption resin.

Methods: By comparing the content and transfer ratio of geniposide during the process of purification, we optimized the process for purification of geniposide.

Results: The optimal process for purification of geniposide with D301R macroporous absorption resin included the diameter height ratio 1:7.

[Pharmacokinetics of pueraria for intranasal on spray in rabbits].

Objective: To explore pharmacokinetic features of puerarin in pueraria spray and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters according to puerarin of drug-time curve in rabbits.

Methods: The concentration of puerarin in plamsa was determined by HPLC. The methanol was used to sediment protine.

Antibacterial constituents from Stemona sessilifolia.

Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of eight compounds from Stemona sessilifolia. Of the eight isolates, three new bibenzyls, stilbostemins M-O (1-3), and a new tocopherol, 6-methoxy-3,4-dehydro-delta-tocopherol (4) were revealed together with four known compounds 3,5-dihydroxy-2'-methoxy bibenzyl (5), 3,5-dihydroxy bibenzyl (6), beta-tocopherol (7), and gamma-tocopherol (8). Compounds 5, 6, and 8 exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and S.