Changes of insulin receptors in high fat and high glucose diet mice with insulin resistance.

This study aimed to observe the expression of insulin-signaling molecules in different organs of mice with insulin resistance (IR). Firstly, mice were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HF group) to establish an IR model, and the controls (NF group) were fed with a normal diet. Next, the weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin and insulin tolerance were detected.

Targeting Trim69 alleviates high fat diet (HFD)-induced hippocampal injury in mice by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation through ASK1 inactivation.

The prevalence of obesity is growing, and high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity can alter the brain and cognition. However, the link between HFD, hippocampal function, and inflammation is still not fully understood. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family has been implicated in various cellular processes, such as apoptosis, neurogenesis, and innate immune responses.

[Nutritional status alters the mRNA expressions of galanin and its receptors in taste buds of rats].

The nutritional and metabolic status alters the peripheral taste perception and food intake by participating in the modulation of taste information integration. The taste receptors and neuropeptides in the taste buds are the important targets of this modulation process. To explore the effects of nutritional status on the expressions of galanin and its receptors in the taste buds, we compared the mRNA levels of galanin and its specific receptor GalR2 in the taste buds among the high-fat diet induced obese rats (HF), chronically restricted diet rats (CR) and control rats.

Cold Exposure Differentially Stimulates Angiogenesis in BAT and WAT of Mice: Implication in Adrenergic Activation.

Background/aims: To characterize the temporal profile of cold-induced angiogenesis in brown and white adipose tissues of mice in vivo and the temporal changes of angiogenic factors in primary mice brown (BA) and white adipocytes (WA) treated with β3-adrenoceptor agonist (CL316,243) in vitro.

Methods: 8-week old male C57BL/6J mice were individually housed in conventional cages under cold exposure (4°C) for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), inguinal subcutaneous (sWAT) and epididymal white adipose tissues (eWAT) were harvested for immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis.

Leptin receptor of the hind brain nuclei is involved in the conditioned taste preference of rats.

Objective: Conditioned taste preference (CTP) is a taste learning reflex by which an animal learns to prefer a substance which tastes not well and has been studied with much interest in recent years. However, the neural substrates of CTP are less known. This study aimed to determine the possible neural path- ways of CTP and whether serum leptin level and the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) in the hind brain are involved following CTP formation.

[Differential expression of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor in mouse adipose tissues and primary preadipocytes].

Objective: To investigate the expression profiles of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) during the development of mouse adipose tissue.

Methods: The total RNA was extracted for real-time PCR for amplification of BAMBI mRNA from the suprascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous (inguinal) and visceral (gonadal) white adipose tissue (sWAT and vWAT, respectively) of mice at various embryonic and postnatal stages, as well as from isolated primary preadipocytes during differentiation.

Results: In BAT, BAMBI mRNA levels exhibited a transient increase, peaking at day 0 (D0) and declined thereafter.

[Progress in the effects of injury and regeneration of gustatory nerves on the taste functions in animals].

The sensor of the taste is the taste bud. The signals originated from the taste buds are transmitted to the central nervous system through the gustatory taste nerves. The chorda tympani nerve (innervating the taste buds of the anterior tongue) and glossopharyngeal nerve (innervating the taste buds of the posterior tongue) are the two primary gustatory nerves.

Equity of health service utilization of urban residents: data from a western Chinese city.

Background: Getting medical treatment is still difficult and expensive in western China. Improving the equity of basic health services is one of the tasks of the new healthcare reform in China. This study aimed to analyze the parallel and vertical equity of health service utilization of urban residents and then find its influencing factors.

Fos positive neurons in the brain stem and amygdala mostly express vesicular glutamate transporter 3 after bitter taste stimulation.

The present study examined the relationship between vesicular glutamate transpoter-3 (VGLUT3) positive cells and the activation of neurons in the brainstem and amygdala by bitter taste, using double-labeling immunohistochemistry. Conscious animals were subjected to intraoral bitter taste stimulation with quinine solution. Following this, neuronal activation was assessed by c-Fos expression and an analysis of c-Fos expression cells, VGLUT3 positive cells and double-labeled cells was made in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and amygdala.

[Blood pressure salt sensitivity in male offspring rats is programmed by perinatal high-salt diet].

Objective: To investigate the gender differences in perinatal high-salt diet programming of blood pressure and salt sensitivity in offspring Sprague-Dawley rats and explore the mechanisms.

Methods: The rats were fed with high-salt diet (8% NaCl) or normal salt diet (1% NaCl) during the perinatal period. Body weight changes were monitored, and blood pressure and heart rate were measured by non-invasive tail-cuff methods in both male and female offspring rats.

[Glutaminergic neurons expressing c-Fos in the brainstem and amygdala participate in signal transmission and integration of sweet taste].

Objective: To examine the role of glutaminergic neurons in the transmission and integration of the sweat taste information in the brain stem and the amygdala.

Methods: Conscious Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to oral sweet taste or water (control) stimulations. The activated neurons were identified by detecting c-Fos expression in taste-related brain areas, and the glutaminergic neurons by detecting vesicular glutamate transpoter-3 (VGLUT3).

[GABAergic neurons in the central nucleus of amygdala modulate sodium appetite in rats].

Objective: To determine whether the GABA-containing neurons in rat central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) can be activated by acute sodium deprivation.

Methods: Acute sodium depletion was induced by subcutaneous injection of furosemide in rats followed by 24 h of dietary sodium deprivation. The rats underwent 0.

Inhibitory responses of parabrachial neurons evoked by taste stimuli in rat.

In the present study, the responses of inhibitory gustatory neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) to four basic taste stimuli NaCl, HCl, quinine HCl (QHCl) and sucrose were examined using single-unit recording technique in anesthetized rats. A total of 18 inhibitory taste neurons in the PBN were obtained. Spontaneous firing rates of these inhibitory neurons were 0.

Blocking of AMPA receptors in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the parabrachial nucleus taste responses in rats.

Taste responses in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) are significantly affected by stimulation or lesion of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). To examine if the glutamate receptors in the CeA are involved in this modulation, the effects of microinjection of 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2, 3-dione (CNQX), an AMPA receptor antagonist, into the CeA on the activities of PBN taste neurons were observed by using extracellular recording technique. Responses of PBN taste neurons to taste stimuli were observed before and after CNQX administered to the CeA.

[Effects of the central amygdaloid nucleus lesions on tastants intake in rats].

Aim: To investigate the effects of central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) on the evaluation of taste in rats, and explore the mechanisms of the CeA in modulating the feeding behavior.

Methods: By using two-bottle choice test, we measured the consumption of serials concentrations of NaCl, citric acid (CA), quinine HCl (QHCl) and sucrose in bilateral CeA lesioned rats, and compared the results to those in sham lesioned rats.

Results: The CeA-lesioned rats exhibited a lower preference for NaCl at concentrations of 0.

Effects of the central amygdaloid nucleus lesions on the gustatory responses in the parabrachial nucleus in rats.

To access the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the gustatory activity in the pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN), the responses to four prototypical taste stimuli (NaCl, HCl, QH2SO4 and sucrose) in the PBN were observed before and after bilateral electrolytic lesion of the CeA in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Of 29 neurons, 14 were classified as NaCl-best, 9 as HCl-best, 3 as QH2SO4-best and 3 sucrose-best. After CeA lesions, the response rates to HCl and QH2SO4 were statistically higher across all PBN neurons (P<0.

Leptin receptor expression in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala of conditioned taste aversion rats.

Aim: To determine whether serum leptin level and the leptin receptor (OB-R) expression in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) change following conditioned taste aversion (CTA) formation.

Methods: The serum leptin concentration was measured by rat leptin RIA kit, long and short forms of leptin receptor (OB-Rb and OB-Ra) mRNA in the brain sections were examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and the expression of OB-R was assessed by immunohistochemistry ABC method with a highly specific goat anti-OB-R antibody.

Results: The level of serum leptin didn't show significant difference between CTA and control group.

[Change of serum leptin and leptin receptors immunoreactivity in the brain following intraoral infusions of chemical solutions in rats].

Aim: To determining whether the level of serum leptin altered and whether the expression of leptin receptor immunoreactivity changed following taste stimuli.

Methods: After intraoral infusions of chemical solutions, which included 3 mol/L sucrose, 5 mmol/L sodium saccharin, 0.1 mol/L NaCl, 0.