Roles and crosstalks of macrophages in diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common chronic kidney disease. Accumulation of glucose and metabolites activates resident macrophages in kidneys. Resident macrophages play diverse roles on diabetic kidney injuries by releasing cytokines/chemokines, recruiting peripheral monocytes/macrophages, enhancing renal cell injuries (podocytes, mesangial cells, endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells), and macrophage-myofibroblast transition.

[Removal Characteristics of High Concentrations of Perchlorate Using a "Heterotrophic Sulfur Autotrophic" Combination Process].

The heterotrophic-autotrophic reactor including two chambers, that is, the lower part of the heterotrophic zone and the upper part of the autotrophic zone, was used to remove highly concentrated perchlorate (ClO) wastewater. The reduction characteristics of ClO and the effluent sulfur (SO) concentration were investigated using different influent ClO concentrations and C/Cl ratios. By adjusting the influent C/Cl ratio from 2 to 1, the reactor was started up successfully within 36 d.

[Effect of Sulfur to Quartz Sand Ratios on the Removal of High-Concentration Perchlorate in Packed-Bed Reactors].

Three autotrophic packed-bed reactors, each with a different sulfur/quartz sand ratio(R1, 2:1; R2, 1:1; R3, 1:2,)were used to remove high-concentration perchlorate from contaminated water. The perchlorate removal efficiency, kinetics, and biofilm of the reactors were studied using different perchlorate concentrations and hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The perchlorate removal efficiency decreased with higher perchlorate concentration and shorter HRT, and the removal efficiency of R1 was higher than of R2 and R3.

Effect of the Dispersion States of Azone in Hydroalcoholic Gels on Its Transdermal Permeation Enhancement Efficacy.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dispersion states of azone in gels on the transdermal permeation of levamisole hydrochloride (LH). LH hydroalcoholic gels containing azone of different dispersion states were prepared by varying the contents of azone and Tween 80, and the in vitro transdermal permeation of LH across excised rat skin was evaluated. Depending on the content of azone, mixed solvents, and solubilizer used, azone presented as dissolved molecules, solubilized in micelles, and fine or coarse emulsion droplets in gels.

[Characteristics of Perchlorate Reduction and Analysis of Consortium Structure in a Sulfur-Based Reactor at a High Perchlorate Concentration].

The effects of perchlorate concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on perchlorate reduction characteristics were investigated in a sulfur-based perchlorate reduction reactor.The results showed that the perchlorate was completely removed at HRT of 12 h and the influent perchlorate concentration ranged from 50 mg·L to 194 mg·L;The perchlorate removal efficiency was 74% at HRT of 4 h and the influent perchlorate concentration was 194 mg·L;The yield of sulfate was increased by increasing the influent perchlorate concentration and HRT;The influent pH and alkalinity was approximately 8.0 and 500 mg·L CaCO,and the effluent pH and alkalinity was approximately 6.

[Effect of Non-dissolved Quinone on Perchlorate Reduction by Strain GWF].

The perchlorate reduction lag phase of the strain GWF (KM062029) was shortened by using non-dissolved quinone. nthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone, 1,8-dichloroanthraquinone and 1,4,5,8-tetrachloranthtaquinone were the five non-dissolved quinones in this study. The results showed that the accelerating order was 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone > 1,4, 5,8-tetrachloroanthtaquinone > 1,8-dichloroanthraquinone > Anthraquinone > 1-chloroanthraquinone.

[Preparation and Characterization of Quinone Functional Polymer Biocarrier (PET-AQS) for Biodenitrification Catalysis].

Anthraquinone sodium sulfonate (AQS) was immobilized on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by chemical synthesis, forming quinone functional polymer biocarrier (PET-AQS), and its characteristics in biodenitrification catalysis were analyzed. Quinone group was demonstrated to be successfully immobilized on the surface of the polymer and the concentration of immobilized quinone was 0.140 6 mmol x g(-1) by Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectrometry (ATR-IR) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS).

[Enhanced electro-catalytic oxidation of dye wastewater with FePMo12 adopted catalyst].

Electrochemical oxidation degradation of azo dyes has become a widely used method in recent years. Iron phosphomolybdate (FePMo12) was synthesized with molybdophosphoric acid and ferric salt. Morphology and microstructure of catalyst were chararerized by IR spectrometry and X-ray diffraction.

[Nitrite denitrification characteristics with redox mediator].

This study optimized the nitrite degradation conditions and explored the characteristics of nitrite degradation with redox mediators and nitrite denitrifying bacteria. The results suggested that the optimal condition of nitrite denitrification was 35 degrees C, pH = 8.0, sodium succinate as the carbon source, the C/N rate of 4 and the initial nitrite concentration of 100 mg x L(-1); the optimal AQS concentration was 0.

[Enhanced electro-chemical oxidation of Acid Red 3R solution with phosphotungstic acid supported on gamma-Al2O3].

Supported phosphotungstic acid catalysts on gamma-Al2O3 (HPW/gamma-Al2O3) were prepared by solution impregnation and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TG-DTA and SEM. The heteropolyanion shows a Keggin structure. Electro-chemical oxidation of Acid Red 3R was investigated in the presence of HPW supported on gamma-Al2O3 as packing materials in the reactor.

[Biocatalyst of redox mediators on the denitrification by Paracoccus versutus strain GW1].

The quinone respiration process of Paracoccus versutus strain GW1 was characterized and the effects of the four redox mediators on the denitrification process were studied. The experiment results suggested that quinones were utilized by Paracoccus versutus strain GW1 as electron acceptors in the respiratory chain and reduced to hydroquinone. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the biocatalyst effect of redox mediators as catalyst on the denitrification process at 35 degrees C.

[Catalyst effect and the structure-activity characteristics of redox mediators on the reactive brilliant red K-2BP decolorization].

Four selected quinone redox mediators with similar structure were conducted to accelerate reactive brilliant red K-2BP decolorization, and the accelerating structure-activity of redox mediators on the decolorization was also studied. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the catalyst effect on the decolorization of reactive brilliant red K-2BP with temperature of 35 degrees C and under anaerobic conditions. The experiment results suggested that (1) four similar chemical structure redox mediators [1, 4, 5, 8-Tetrachloroanthraquinone (1,4,5,8-AQ), Anthraquinone (AQ), 1,8-Dichloroanthraquinone (1,8-AQ), 1,5-Dichloroanthraquinone (1,5-AQ)], all accelerated the decolorization rate of reactive brilliant red K-2BP and the reaction rate was enhanced 1.

[Analysis of methanogenic community of anaerobic granular sludge in a full-scale UASB treating avermectin wastewater].

Methanogens is considered to be important functional microbial population in anaerobic granular sludge. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to analyze methanogens of anaerobic granular sludge in a full-scale UASB treating avermectin wastewater. The results indicated that the distribution forms of methanogens, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales were identical on the surface and inner face of granular sludge samples in different formation stages (with different diameters) , although the relative abundances of these methanogens were different.

[Accelerating effects of immobilized anthanquinone on the anaerobic biodegradation].

The accelerating effect of anthanquinone as a redox mediator in the bio-decolorization was conducted. Decolorization of azo dyes was carried out experimentally using the salt-tolerant bacteria under immobilized anthanquinone and high salt conditions. Anthnaquinone used as a redox mediator was able to increase the decolorization rate of wastewater containing azo dyes, and was immobilized by entrapment in calcium alginate (CA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-H3BO3, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-calcium alginate (CA) and agar, respectively.

[Predicting biodegradability from the electrochemical characteristic of azo dyes].

Experiments were conducted to study some electrochemical factors affecting the bacterial reduction (cleavage) of four azo dyes. And a common mixed culture was used as test organism and the reduction of azo dyes Acid Yellow 4, 11, 17 and Acid Yellow Bis was studied. It was found that the azo dyes were reduced at different rates,which could be correlated with the reduction potential of the azo compounds in cyclic voltammetric experiments.

Decolorization of azo dyes with high salt concentration by salt-tolerant mixed cultures under anaerobic conditions.

Because the lack of detailed study of biological decolorization in high salt dye wastewater, it is still difficult to evaluate the biological treatment on high-salinity dye wastewater. The experiments were carried out to study the salt-tolerant bacteria, which is useful in the treatment of high-salinity colored wastewater. Simulated wastewater containing 5-150 g/L salt (NaCl) and 50-2000 mg/L Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP was treated with three salt-tolerant mixed cultures (CAS, TAS, DSAS), which were under a gradually acclimated procedure.