Atrioventricular conduction abnormality and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in toluene sniffing.

Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with widespread industrial use as an organic solvent. As a result of the euphoric effect and availability of these substances, inhalation of toluene-based products is popular among young adults and children. Chronic or acute exposure is known to cause acid-base and electrolyte disorders, and to be toxic to the nervous and hematopoietic systems.

Non-compressibility ratio of sonography in deep venous thrombosis.

Background: The risk of post-thrombotic syndrome and pulmonary embolism can be increased if there is failure to diagnose deep venous thrombosis (DVT) promptly. Emergency physicians (EPs) need a quick and readily available test to diagnose, treat and help them decide whether to discharge or admit DVT patients in a timely manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of the non-compressibility ratio of thrombosed veins in DVT patients, and give EPs an objective value to aid them in their decision-making with regard to DVT patients in the emergency department.