The role of intestinal flora in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and treatment strategies.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common multi-factorial liver disease, and its incidence is gradually increasing worldwide. Many reports have revealed that intestinal flora plays a crucial role for the occurrence and development of MASLD, through mechanisms such as flora translocation, endogenous ethanol production, dysregulation of choline metabolism and bile acid, and endotoxemia. Here, we review the relationship between intestinal flora and MASLD, as well as interventions for MASLD, such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and intestinal flora transplantation.

[Effects of water and nitrogen source types on soil enzyme activity and nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat].

To provide basis for high-yield and high-efficiency of wheat production, with two wheat cultivars, 'Zhengmai 366' (strong gluten) and 'Bainong 207' (medium gluten), we investigated the effects of four nitrogen source types, ammonium chloride (NT), calcium nitrate (NT), urea (NT) and calcium ammonium nitrate (NT), applied under two water treatments, no irrigation (W) and irrigation at jointing and heading stages (W), on soil N-supplying capacity, grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that content of soil ammonium and nitrate at flowering stage decreased with increasing soil depths. Compared with the corresponding value of 'Zhengmai 366' under W treatment, W treatment decreased the contents of soil ammonium and nitrate in the 0-60 cm layer, and enzymes activities of urease, invertase and catalase by 10.