Author Correction: Simulation of blast lung injury induced by shock waves of five distances based on finite element modeling of a three-dimensional rat.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Effects of Blast Wave-induced Biomechanical Changes on Lung Injury in Rats.

Objective: To observe the dynamic impacts of shock waves on the severity of lung injury in rats with different injury distances.

Methods: Simulate open-field shock waves; detect the biomechanical effects of explosion sources at distances of 40, 44, and 48 cm from rats; and examine the changes in the gross anatomy of the lungs, lung wet/dry weight ratio, hemoglobin concentration, blood gas analysis, and pathology.

Results: Biomechanical parameters such as the overpressure peak and impulse were gradually attenuated with an increase in the injury distance.

Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 was associated with hospital-acquired infections and long-term mortality in burn patients.

Background: Although glucagon-like peptide 1 levels have been closely associated with inflammation and mortality in septic patients, the clinical importance of glucagon-like peptide 1 on hospital-acquired infections and long-term mortality after burn injury remains unexplored.

Methods: Plasma samples from 144 burn patients were collected on admission to determine total glucagon-like peptide 1, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels. Hospital-acquired infections were determined by positive microbial culture.

Usage of density analysis based on micro-CT for studying lung injury associated with burn-blast combined injury.

Background: Burn-blast combined injury is a kind of injury caused by heat and blast at the same time. The lung injury after burn-blast combined injuries is of primary importance, and investigation of lung injury is needed in the clinical care of patients. Computed tomography (CT) is one of the standard tools used to observe the anatomical basis and pathophysiology of acute lung injury.

Transdermal permeation of drugs with differing lipophilicity: Effect of penetration enhancer camphor.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential application of (+)-camphor as a penetration enhancer for the transdermal delivery of drugs with differing lipophilicity. The skin irritation of camphor was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo transdermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. A series of model drugs with a wide span of lipophilicity (logP value ranging from 3.

Insulin down-regulates the expression of ubiquitin E3 ligases partially by inhibiting the activity and expression of AMP-activated protein kinase in L6 myotubes.

While insulin is an anabolic hormone, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only a key energy regulator, but it can also control substrate metabolism directly by inducing skeletal muscle protein degradation. The hypothesis of the present study was that insulin inhibits AMPK and thus down-regulates the expression of the ubiquitin E3 ligases, muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) in skeletal muscle cells. Differentiated L6 myotubes were treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) and/or compound C to stimulate and/or block AMPK respectively.

Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment inhibits LPS-induced human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis via upregulating the expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based regenerative therapy is currently regarded as a novel approach with which to repair damaged tissues. However, the efficiency of MSC transplantation is limited due to the low survival rate of engrafted MSCs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production is increased in numerous diseases and serves an essential function in the regulation of apoptosis in a variety of cell types.

[Mandibular-driven simultaneous maxillo-mandibular distraction for hemifacial microsomia with rapid prototyping technology].

Objective: To explore the clinical application of mandibular-driven simultaneous maxillo-mandihular distraction to correct hemifacial microsomia with rapid prototyping technology.

Methods: The patient' s skull resin model was manufactured with rapid prototyping technology. The osteotomy was designed on skull resin model.

[Comparison of different methods for the isolation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells].

Objective: To explore the most appropriate method for the isolation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through a comparison of different methods.

Methods: Fifteen umbilical cord specimens from full-term healthy fetus with caesarean birth were completely rinsed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and sliced into 1 mm(3) tissue blocks after removal of umbilical vessels and external membrane. These tissue blocks were averagely divided into 4 groups after washing and centrifuge.

Basic fibroblast growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum from severe burn patients stimulates the proliferation of cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells via activation of Notch signaling pathways.

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the leading cellular constituents used in regenerative medicine. MSCs repair and reconstruct wounds of acute traumata and radiation-induced burns through proliferation, differentiation, and trophic activity. However, repair effect of MSCs on severe burn wounds remain to be clarified because severe burns are much more complex traumata than radiation-induced burns.

[Advances in the research of the relationship between calpains and post-burn skeletal muscle wasting].

Calpains are intracellular nonlysosomal Ca(2+-) regulated cysteine proteases, widely located in the tissues of most mammals. Skeletal muscle tissue mainly expresses m-calpain, µ-caplain, n-calpain, and their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. They are closely related to the cell apoptosis, cytoskeleton formation, cell cycles, etc.

[Diagnosis and comprehensive management of sepsis after burn].

Sepsis induced by invasive infection is a challenging problem and the major cause of death after severe burn. With the increasing understanding of sepsis, diagnostic criteria of sepsis were proposed and revised consecutively so that they could be consistent with the clinical practice. Being different from other trauma and critical diseases, diagnostic criteria of sepsis after severe burn were also proposed, and they need further clinical verification.

[Functions of exogenous application of connective tissue growth factor in stimulating human dermal papilla cells and human hair follicle outer root sheath cells for reconstructive tissue-engineering hair follicles].

Objective: To explore the functions of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the restoration of hair follicles with a mixture of human dermal papilla cells and human hair follicle outer root sheath cells in vitro in nude mice.

Methods: Human hair follicle outer root sheath cells (hfORS) and human hair dermal papilla cells (hDP) were cultured in vitro and mixed in a fixed ratio (hfORS: hDP = 5:1). Flow cytometry was used to detect the content of CD200(+) cells in human hair follicle outer root sheath cells.

PNU-282987 improves the hemodynamic parameters by alleviating vasopermeability and tissue edema in dogs subjected to a lethal burns shock.

Excessive inflammation and high vasopermeability can lead to blood volume loss and tissue edema, which can affect the resuscitation and prognosis for serious burn patients. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of PNU-282987, an α7 nicotine cholinergic receptor agonist on the hemodynamic parameters and survival rate by inhibiting vasopermeability and tissue edema during the fluid resuscitation for lethal burn shock. Forty Beagle dogs with intubation of the carotid artery and jugular vein 24 hours before the injury were subjected to 50% TBSA full-thickness burns, and were randomly divided into following four groups: no resuscitation group (group NR), venous fluid resuscitation group (group R), PNU-282987 treatment group (group P), and fluid resuscitation group plus PNU-282987 group (group RP), with 10 dogs in each group.

[Voltage dependent anion channel 2 involved mitochondrial apoptosis and its possible regulatory signal pathway in hearts of rats with severe scalds].

Objective: To explore the role of voltage dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) involved mitochondrial apoptosis in heart injury of rats with severe scald injury and elucidate its possible regulatory signal pathway.

Methods: A total of 60 Wistar rats were divided into sham scald group (n = 30) and scald group (n = 30) according to a random digital table. Blood and heart tissue samples were harvested at Day 1, 7, 14 post scalding.

[Clinical study of repairing donor site of thickness from cicatricial skin with auto-scalp grafting].

Objective: To study the effects of using auto-scalp for repairing donor site of thickness from cicatricial skin with auto-scalp grafting.

Methods: A total of 13 cases with donor site of thickness from cicatricial skin from January 2011 to December 2011 were analyzed. Wounds of donor site from cicatricial skin were grafted with auto-scalp and scalp were fixation was applied with negative pressure.

[Efficacy observation on application of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of superficial partial-thickness scald wound in children].

Objective: To observe the effect of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of superficial partial-thickness scald in children.

Methods: Three hundred and seven children with superficial partial-thickness scald hospitalized from August 2009 to May 2012 were divided into negative pressure therapy group (NPT, n = 145) and control group (C, n = 162) according to the random number table. Patients in group NPT were treated with negative pressure from within post injury day (PID) 3 to PID 9 (with -16 kPa pressure), while traditional occlusive dressing method was used in group C.

Quadrilobed superior gluteal artery perforator flap for sacrococcygeal defects.

Background: Perforator flaps are used extensively in repairing soft tissue defects. Superior gluteal artery perforator flaps are used for repairing sacral defects, but the tension required for direct closure of the donor area after harvesting of relatively large flaps carries a risk of postoperative dehiscence. This research was to investigate a modified superior gluteal artery perforator flap for repairing sacrococcygeal soft tissue defects.

A novel model of burn-blast combined injury and its phasic changes of blood coagulation in rats.

Burn-blast combined injury has a complex pathological process that may cause adverse complications and difficulties in treatment. This study aims to establish a standard animal model of severe burn-blast combined injury in rats and also to investigate early phasic changes of blood coagulation. By using 54 Wistar rats, distance from explosion source (Hexogen) and size of burned body surface area were determined to induce severe burn-blast combined injury.