Copper's dual role: Reviewing its impact on liver health and disease.

As an essential trace element in the human body, Cu exists in the oxidation states of Cu(II) and Cu(I). The interconversion between these states is closely associated with various redox reactions and plays a pivotal role in cellular respiration regulation, energy metabolism, cell growth regulation, and angiogenesis promotion among other biological processes. As the primary metabolic organ, the liver synthesises and secretes Cu-binding proteins to maintain Cu homeostasis and regulate its metabolism.

Collagenases from hepatopancreas and muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei: Purification, characterization and comparison of their behaviors in collagen degradation.

Collagenases are responsible for collagen degradation, resulting in shrimp muscle softening after death. In this study, biochemical characteristics of collagenases purified from hepatopancreas (CPH) and muscle (CPM) of Litopenaeus vannamei were comparatively investigated. Changes of enzyme activity in shrimp hepatopancreas and muscle presented totally different tendencies, which decreased and increased respectively.