[4-nonylphenol combined with bisphenol A induces testicular autophagy and spermatogenic impairment by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway in F1 male offspring rats].

Objective: To study the impacts of exposure of F0 generation rats to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and bisphenal A (BPA) on the autophagy of testicular cells and key gene expressions of the Akt/mTOR pathway in the F1 generation offspring rats.

Methods: Using a 2×2 factorial design, F0 female and male rats were randomly assigned to receive intragastrically sigma vegetable oil (the control), BPA at 0.5 mg/kg, 4-NP at 5 mg/kg, and BPA+4-NP both at 0.

Spectrum control by anisotropy in a cylindrical microcavity.

Spectrum control by anisotropy in a cylindrical microcavity made of electric anisotropic medium was studied. A finite-difference time domain method for electric anisotropic medium and Volume-average Effective Permittivity approximation are applied to calculate the resonant frequencies and quality factors of Whispering-gallery modes. The resonant frequency for different whispering-gallery modes has a similar shift in direct proportion to the relative difference of two principal refractive indices.