Macrophage polarization in placenta accreta and macrophage-trophoblast interactions.

Problem: Placenta accreta (PA) is defined by an abnormal invasion of placental trophoblasts into the myometrium, which can lead to serious postpartum complications. Macrophages play an important role in the regulation of trophoblast function. Both granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and its receptor (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, G-CSFR) have effects on trophoblast invasion.