[Repair of mandibular defects with hydrogel loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite in rats].

Purpose: To observe the effect of gellan gum loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite (GG/nHA) on repairing mandibular defect in rats.

Methods: Critical bone defects with 5 mm in diameter on the mandible of 16 SD rats were created and randomly divided into two groups. The bone defects in the experimental group were injected with GG/nHA and the control group were filled with absorbable gelatin sponge.

Secondary bile acids mediate high-fat diet-induced upregulation of R-spondin 3 and intestinal epithelial proliferation.

A high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to the increased incidence of colorectal cancer, but the mechanisms are unclear. We found that R-spondin 3 (Rspo3), a ligand for leucine-rich, repeat-containing GPCR 4 and 5 (LGR4 and LGR5), was the main subtype of R-spondins and was produced by myofibroblasts beneath the crypts in the intestine. HFD upregulated colonic Rspo3, LGR4, LGR5, and β-catenin gene expression in specific pathogen-free rodents, but not in germ-free mice, and the upregulations were prevented by the bile acid (BA) binder cholestyramine or antibiotic treatment, indicating mediation by both BA and gut microbiota.

Bile acid toxicity in Paneth cells contributes to gut dysbiosis induced by high-fat feeding.

High-fat feeding (HFF) leads to gut dysbiosis through unclear mechanisms. We hypothesize that bile acids secreted in response to high-fat diets (HFDs) may act on intestinal Paneth cells, leading to gut dysbiosis. We found that HFF resulted in widespread taxonomic shifts in the bacteria of the ileal mucosa, characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus and enrichment of Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium XIVa, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae, which were prevented by the bile acid binder cholestyramine.

[Effects of various surface treatments on the bonding efficacy of noncarious cervical sclerotic lesions].

Noncarious cervical sclerotic lesions (NCSL) are dental cervical lesions with noncarious sclerotic dentine (NCSD), which appears smooth, hard, and either light yellow or dark brown. Most NCSLs are wedge or dish shaped and commonly occur in canines and premolars, leading to dental hypersensitivity and aesthetic defect. The principal treatment is composite resin restoration; however, many clinical problems, such as retention loss, should not be ignored.

Prostaglandin E, Produced by Mast Cells in Colon Tissues From Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Contributes to Visceral Hypersensitivity in Mice.

Background And Aims: Visceral hypersensitivity is common in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We investigated whether inflammatory molecules, such as histamine and proteases, activate prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (also called COX2) to increase the synthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE2) by mast cells, which activates the receptor PTGER2 (also called EP2) in the dorsal root ganglia to promote visceral hypersensitivity.

Methods: We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure levels of spontaneous release of molecules from mast cells in colonic mucosa from patients with IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D; 18 women and 5 men; aged 28-60 years), healthy individuals (controls, n = 24), mice, and rats.

[Human mycobiome and diseases].

The proportion of mycobiome is less than 1% of human microbiome. However, fungal community plays a key role in human health and diseases. With high-throughput sequencing applications, the structure and composition of mycobiome in the mouth, lung, gut, vagina, and skin have been analyzed, and the role of microbiome in diseases has been investigated.

[Effect of zoladronate on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells].

Objective: To evaluate the effect of zoledronate acid (ZA) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).

Methods: The BMSCs isolated from the SD rats were cultured with different concentrations of ZA (1, 5, 10, and 20 μmol·L), and the contro1 group received the same volume of culture medium but without ZA. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect proliferation activity in each group.

Altered R-spondin 1/CART neurocircuit in the hypothalamus contributes to hyperphagia in diabetes.

Hyperphagia is common in diabetes and may worsen hyperglycemia and diabetic complications. The responsible mechanisms are not well understood. The hypothalamus is a key center for the control of appetite and energy homeostasis.

[Recent advances in direct pulp capping materials].

The long-term effect of direct pulp capping and pulpotomy is closely related to the type of pulp capping materials. Various kinds of direct pulp capping materials are available, such as calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregates. Diverse new pulp capping materials have been reported recently.

Quaternary ammonium silane-based antibacterial and anti-proteolytic cavity cleanser.

Objective: Secondary caries and degradation of hybrid layers are two major challenges in achieving durable resin-dentin bonds. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of a 2% quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) cavity cleanser on bacteria impregnated into dentin blocks and the gelatinolytic activity of the hybrid layers.

Methods: Microtensile bond strength was first performed to evaluate if the 2% QAS cavity cleanser adversely affected bond strength.

Optimizing resin-dentin bond stability using a bioactive adhesive with concomitant antibacterial properties and anti-proteolytic activities.

Unlabelled: Secondary caries and hybrid layer degradation are two major challenges encountered in long-term resin-dentin bond stability. As a link between resin and dentin, adhesives that possess both antimicrobial and anti-proteolytic activities are in demand for eliminating bacteria-induced secondary caries and preventing hybrid layers from degradation. In the present study, a new quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silane (QAMS) prepared from sol-gel chemistry was incorporated into experimental adhesives to examine their antimicrobial effect and anti-proteolytic potential.

Lactols in an asymmetric aldol-desymmetrization sequence: access to tetrahydro-4H-furo[2,3-b]pyran-2-one and tetrahydro-4H-furo[2,3-b]furan-2-one derivatives.

An asymmetric aldol-desymmetrization sequence was developed which provided highly efficient access to important bicyclic oxygen-containing scaffolds with multiple chiral centers and one is a quaternary stereogenic center containing a free hydroxy group. Moreover, starting from racemic precursors, the final products were obtained as two separable diastereomers by flash chromatography. Several other heterocycles could also be easily generated with this strategy.

Alanine racemase is essential for the growth and interspecies competitiveness of Streptococcus mutans.

D-alanine (D-Ala) is an essential amino acid that has a key role in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Alanine racemase (Alr) is a unique enzyme that interconverts L-alanine and D-alanine in most bacteria, making this enzyme a potential target for antimicrobial drug development. Streptococcus mutans is a major causative factor of dental caries.

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases.

Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases.

One-pot, highly efficient, asymmetric synthesis of ring-fused piperidine derivatives bearing N,O- or N,N-acetal moieties.

We successfully expand the application of lactols or cyclic hemiaminals as nucleophiles for the asymmetric synthesis of both N,O- and N,N-acetal moieties contained in the structure of ring-fused piperidine derivatives. This efficient one-pot protocol involves an organocatalyzed asymmetric aza-Diels-Alder reaction and iminium ion induced cyclization sequence to ultimately deliver heterocyclic compounds with excellent stereoselectivity in high yield, containing three continuous stereogenic centers.

Revival of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate-induced inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function by water-soluble microfibrous borate glass.

Unlabelled: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a serious skeletal complication associated with the long-term oral or intravenous use of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs). Here, we investigated the effects of an ionic cocktail prepared from water-soluble microfibrous borate glass on neutralizing the inhibitory effects of two heterocyclic N-BPs, risedronate or zoledronic acid, on osteoclastogenesis, apoptosis of differentiated osteoclasts and osteoclast function. Cell growth and proliferation assays were first performed on RAW 264.

Effect of high energy X-ray irradiation on the nano-mechanical properties of human enamel and dentine.

Radiotherapy for malignancies in the head and neck can cause common complications that can result in tooth damage that are also known as radiation caries. The aim of this study was to examine damage to the surface topography and calculate changes in friction behavior and the nano-mechanical properties (elastic modulus, nanohardness and friction coefficient) of enamel and dentine from extracted human third molars caused by exposure to radiation. Enamel and dentine samples from 50 human third molars were randomly assigned to four test groups or a control group.

Open-close: an alternative strategy to α-functionalization of lactone via enamine catalysis in one pot under mild conditions.

An open-close strategy in asymmetric catalysis is newly developed. With this powerful strategy, lactols are directly applied as potential precursors of lactones in enamine-based asymmetric Michael reactions providing a facile access to α-functionalized lactones containing two adjacent stereogenic centers as a single diastereomer in good to excellent yields (up to 99%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (most cases >99%). Moreover, the reaction products are shown to give highly functionalized derivatives by stepwise systematic transformations.

TNFα causes thrombin-dependent vagal neuron apoptosis in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: The role of peripheral tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well established, but its central nervous system (CNS) effects are not understood. Thrombin, another mediator of inflammation in IBD, has been implicated in CNS vagal neuron apoptosis in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). This study evaluates DMV TNFα exposure, characterizes effects of TNFα on DMV neurons, and identifies a relationship between DMV TNFα and thrombin in IBD.

Thrombin mediates vagal apoptosis and dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: In inflammatory bowel disease, autonomic dysfunction contributes to symptoms, morbidity, and health care resource utilization. Efferent vagal neurons, which provide the primary parasympathetic input to the gastrointestinal tract, are housed in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in the brainstem. This study seeks to characterize the effects of IBD on DMV neuronal survival and function.