The Role of Iron Overload in Diabetic Cognitive Impairment: A Review.

It is well documented that diabetes mellitus (DM) is strongly associated with cognitive decline and structural damage to the brain. Cognitive deficits appear early in DM and continue to worsen as the disease progresses, possibly due to different underlying mechanisms. Normal iron metabolism is necessary to maintain normal physiological functions of the brain, but iron deposition is one of the causes of some neurodegenerative diseases.

Banxia-Houpu decoction inhibits iron overload and chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The Banxia-Houpu decoction (BHD), a renowned prescription documented in the Chinese medical book "The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber," has been proven to effectively mitigate inflammation within the central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of BHD in ameliorating symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms and comprehensive effects of BHD on central system injury in OSA models have not been fully investigated.

Effects of liraglutide on astrocyte polarization and neuroinflammation in db/db mice: focus on iron overload and oxidative stress.

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the specific injury mechanism is not fully understood. Astrocyte polarization has attracted new attention and has been shown to be directly and indirectly involved in neuroinflammation. Liraglutide has been shown to have beneficial effects on neurons and astrocytes.

Huperzine A-Liposomes Efficiently Improve Neural Injury in the Hippocampus of Mice with Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia.

Background: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) could cause neuronal damage, accelerating the progression of dementia. However, safe and effective therapeutic drugs and delivery are needed for successful CIH therapy.

Purpose: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Huperzine A (HuA) packaged with nanoliposomes (HuA-LIP) on neuronal damage induced by CIH.

Liraglutide attenuates hepatic iron levels and ferroptosis in db/db mice.

Liver pathological changes are as high as 21%-78% in diabetic patients, and treatment options are lacking. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor that is widely used in the clinic and is approved to treat obesity and diabetes. However, the specific protection mechanism needs to be clarified.

Banxia-Houpu decoction diminishes iron toxicity damage in heart induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Context: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) causes chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which results in mitochondrial dysfunction and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heart. Excessive free iron could accelerate oxidative damage, which may be involved in this process. Banxia-Houpu decoction (BHD) was reported to improve the apnoea hypopnoea index in OSA patients, but the specific mechanism was still unclear.

Liraglutide Alleviates Cognitive Deficit in db/db Mice: Involvement in Oxidative Stress, Iron Overload, and Ferroptosis.

Studies have shown that diabetes is associated with the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline. However, there is currently no effective treatment for diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction. The superior efficacy of liraglutide (LIRA) for cognitive impairment and numerous neurodegenerative diseases has been widely demonstrated.

Involvement of Hepcidin in Cognitive Damage Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients exhibit different degrees of cognitive impairment, which is related to the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) and the deposition of iron in the brain. As a central regulator of iron homeostasis, whether hepcidin is involved in OSA-induced cognitive impairment has not been clarified. In order to simulate OSA, we established the mouse model by reducing the percentage of inspired O (FiO) from 21% to 5%, 20 times/h for 8 h/day.

Huperzine A, reduces brain iron overload and alleviates cognitive deficit in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a consequence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, resulting in oxidative damage and neurocognitive impairment. This study was designed to determine whether abnormal iron metabolism occurs in the brain under conditions of CIH and whether Huperzine A (HuA) could improve abnormal iron metabolism and neurological damage. The mouse model of CIH was established by reducing the percentage of inspired O (FiO) from 21% to 9% 20 times/h for 8 h/day, and Huperzine A (HuA, 0.

Hydrogen and Oxygen Mixture to Improve Cardiac Dysfunction and Myocardial Pathological Changes Induced by Intermittent Hypoxia in Rats.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause intermittent changes in blood oxygen saturation, resulting in the generation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS). To discover new antioxidants and clarify the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress involved in cardiac injury in OSA, we established a chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) rat model with a fraction of inspired O (FiO) ranging from 21% to 9%, 20 times/h for 8 h/day, and the rats were treated with H-O mixture (67% hydrogen and 33% oxygen) for 2 h/day for 35 days. Our results showed that H-O mixture remarkably improved cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis.

Hydrogen protects against chronic intermittent hypoxia induced renal dysfunction by promoting autophagy and alleviating apoptosis.

Aims: Hydrogen gas (H) has a diversity of effects such as anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, molecular mechanism underlying the potential effect of H on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) induced renal injury remains obscure.

Materials And Methods: In the present study, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control (CON) group, CIH group, CIH with H treatment (CIH + H) group, and control with H treatment (CON + H) group.

Hydrogen gas reduces chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity and increasing vasodilator responses via the antioxidation.

Molecular hydrogen is reported to be used medically to ameliorate various systemic pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen (H ) gas on hypertension induced by intermittent hypoxia in rats. The adult rats were exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) 8 hours/day for 5 weeks and/or H gas 2 hours/day.

Hydrogen ameliorates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced neurocognitive impairment via inhibiting oxidative stress.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very common breathing and sleep disorder characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), which is often associated with behavioral and neurocognitive functions impairment. Hydrogen (H), as a novel and effective antioxidant, is reported to be a potential neuroprotective agent. The aim of this study is to investigate whether H could improve CIH-induced neurocognitive impairment and the related mechanism.