Koidz. and Lam. extract relieves insulin resistance via PI3K/Akt signalling in diabetic .

Background And Aim: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly characterized by insulin resistance (IR) induced by hyperglycaemia and insufficient insulin secretion. We employed a diabetic fly model to examine the effect and molecular mechanism of Koidz. and Lam.

Deep Learning without Weight Symmetry.

Backpropagation (BP), a foundational algorithm for training artificial neural networks, predominates in contemporary deep learning. Although highly successful, it is often considered biologically implausible. A significant limitation arises from the need for precise symmetry between connections in the backward and forward pathways to backpropagate gradient signals accurately, which is not observed in biological brains.

Mutasynthesis generates nine new pyrroindomycins.

Pyrroindomycins (PYRs) represent the only spirotetramate natural products discovered in nature, and possess potent activities against methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant . Their unique structure and impressive biological activities make them attractive targets for synthesis and biosynthesis; however, the discovery and generation of new PYRs remains challenging. To date, only the initial components A and B have been reported.

Mechanisms of Action of Bunge in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification in .

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with reduced insulin uptake and glucose metabolic capacity. Bunge (PDB) has been used to treat T2DM; however, the fundamental biological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to understand the active ingredients, potential targets, and underlying mechanisms through which PDB treats T2DM.

Total saponins can reverse type 2 diabetes mellitus-related intestinal dysbiosis and hepatic insulin resistance .

Objective: Intestinal flora homeostasis in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was evaluated to explore the effects of total saponins (TAS) on hepatic insulin resistance (IR).

Methods: Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks and intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to induce T2DM, and they were then randomly divided into control, model, metformin, and TAS groups. Stool, serum, colon, and liver samples were collected after 8 weeks of drug administration for relevant analyses.

A specific nanobody-based affinity chromatography resin as a platform for small ubiquitin-related modifier fusion protein purification.

As an excellent fusion tag for expressing heterologous proteins, yeast SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has unique advantages such as improving solubility, promoting stability, and reducing degradation, but it lacks a simple and rapid purification method. Camelid single-domain antibodies (VHHs or nanobodies) show great promise as an efficient tool in analytical application. In this study, VHHs against SUMO protein were isolated for the first time using biopanning of an immune camelid nanobody library.

Face familiarity detection with complex synapses.

Synaptic plasticity is a complex phenomenon involving multiple biochemical processes that operate on different timescales. Complexity can greatly increase memory capacity when the variables characterizing the synaptic dynamics have limited precision, as shown in simple memory retrieval problems involving random patterns. Here we turn to a real-world problem, face familiarity detection, and we show that synaptic complexity can be harnessed to store in memory a large number of faces that can be recognized at a later time.

Sanghuang Tongxie Formula Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Through Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a pivotal pathological characteristic that affects the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, the effective control of IR is of great significance for diabetes prevention and treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) represents a valuable tool handed down to the world by the Chinese nation and has a long history of use for diabetes clinical therapy.

A modified method for elastic properties of nanowires based on surface effect.

In this paper, a modified method for predicting surface effect parameters based on experimental data is developed using the surface effect theory. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanowires with diameters in a range of 100 nm - 320 nm are manufactured by electrospinning. The data of the effective elastic moduli of PAN nanowire varying with diameters are obtained by experimenting with contact atomic-force microscopy (C-AFM).

Spleen-kidney supplementing formula alleviates insulin resistance via regulating AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β pathway in rats with type 2 diabetic induced by high-fat diet.

Objective: To explore the molecular mechanism underpinning the action by investigating its effect on glycogen content and AKT (also known as protein kinase B)/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK- 3β) pathway in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetic induced by high-fat diet.

Methods: The rat model of type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were divided into five groups: the model control group, the Metformin group, spleen-kidney supplementing formula groups of low, medium and high doses.

Quantum reinforcement learning during human decision-making.

Classical reinforcement learning (CRL) has been widely applied in neuroscience and psychology; however, quantum reinforcement learning (QRL), which shows superior performance in computer simulations, has never been empirically tested on human decision-making. Moreover, all current successful quantum models for human cognition lack connections to neuroscience. Here we studied whether QRL can properly explain value-based decision-making.

An efficient procedure for preparing high-purity pingyangmycin and boanmycin from Streptomyces verticillus var. pingyangensis fermentation broth via macroporous cation-exchange resin and subsequent reversed-phase preparative chromatography.

Pingyangmycin (PYM) and boanmycin (BAM), two individual components of bleomycin (bleomycin A5 and bleomycin A6), are glycopeptide antitumor antibiotics. An efficient procedure for the preparation of PYM and BAM from Streptomyces verticillus var. pingyangensis fermentation broth using macroporous cation-exchange (MCE) resin followed by medium-pressure preparative liquid chromatography (MPLC) based on monodisperse poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (p(st-dvb)) microspheres was investigated in this paper.

Snail modulates JNK-mediated cell death in Drosophila.

Cell death plays a pivotal role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of this process is associated with a wide variety of human diseases, including developmental and immunological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. While the fundamental role of JNK pathway in cell death has been extensively studied, its down-stream regulators and the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive.

Prognosis of β-adrenergic blockade therapy on septic shock and sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.

Purpose: β-adrenoceptor antagonist (β-blocker) may have potential in the treatment of septic shock and sepsis. However, the relevant research findings are still controversial.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the efficacy of β-blocker in patients with septic shock and sepsis.

Spleen-Kidney Supplementing Formula Alleviates Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Rats via TGF-1-miR-21-PTEN Signaling Pathway.

Background: Spleen-Kidney Supplementing Formula (SKSF), composed of 6 raw Chinese herbs and proposed based on the therapeutic principle of supplementing spleen-kidney and clearing the extra heat of stomach-lung, is effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Aim: This study aims to investigate the mechanism of SKSF to alleviate renal fibrosis in diabetic rats.

Methods: T2DM model was induced by high-fat diet and multiple injections of low-dose streptozotocin.

Transforming brain signals related to value evaluation and self-control into behavioral choices.

The processes involved in value evaluation and self-control are critical when making behavioral choices. However, the evidence linking these two types of processes to behavioral choices in intertemporal decision-making remains elusive. As the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), striatum, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) have been associated with these two processes, we focused on these three regions.

Formula Inhibits Pancreatic Cell Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via MEK-ERK-Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway.

Background: formula (WSZYF), composed of , , , and , is effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Aim: In this study, we aimed to explore the effects and the underlying mechanisms of WSZYF on inhibiting pancreatic cell apoptosis and improving insulin resistance (IR) in T2DM.

Methods: A T2DM model was induced by Goto-Kakizaki diabetes prone rats.

Effects of Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction on Tyrosine Phosphorylation of IRS-1 in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. The rat model of type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin injections. Diabetic model rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: the model control group, the metformin group, and Modified Sanzi Yangqin Decoction groups of low, medium, and high doses.

Formula Improves Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via PTP1B-IRS1-Akt-GLUT4 Signaling Pathway.

formula (WSZYF) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to identify the effects and underlying mechanisms of WSZYF on improving skeletal muscle insulin resistance in T2DM. An animal model of T2DM was induced by Goto-Kakizaki diabetes prone rats fed with high fat and sugar for 4 weeks.

Tonglian Decoction () arrests the cell cycle in S-phase by targeting the nuclear factor-kappa B signal pathway in esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells.

Objective: To investigate the anti-tumor activity and molecular mechanism of Tonglian Decoction (, TLD) on esophageal carcinoma Eca109 cells.

Methods: Eca109 cells were treated with TLD and its separated formulae, including the clearing-heat and detoxification formula (Q), activating-blood and promoting-qi formula (H) and nourishing-yin and blood formula (Z). Cell proliferation was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay, cell morphology was observed using a microscope, the cell cycle was measured using flow cytometry and the activity of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway was detected by Western blot.

Correlation of an interleukin-4 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to severe enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused many outbreaks of diseases among children worldwide since it was first reported in 1974, but its mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the possible association of the IL-4 -589C/T gene polymorphism with severity of EV71 infection in Chinese children. The IL-4 -589C/T gene polymorphism was detected in EV71-infected subjects (n = 185), including those with mild cases (n = 102) and severe cases (n = 83) as well as healthy controls (n = 234), using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique.

Genetic polymorphism of CCL2-2510 and susceptibility to enterovirus 71 encephalitis in a Chinese population.

The study was performed in 36 Chinese patients with enterovirus 71 (EV71) encephalitis and 141 patients with EV71-related hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) without encephalitis. Genotyping was done by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Patients with EV71 encephalitis had a significantly higher frequency of the CCL2-2510GG genotypes when compared to patients with EV71-related HFMD without encephalitis (66.

Transformation of salvianolic acid B to salvianolic acid a in aqueous solution and the in vitro liver protective effect of the main products.

Salvianolic acid A (Sal A) was considered to be the compound with highest activity in Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen). Due to its low content in raw materials, many studies reported its preparation from salvianolic acid B (Sal B). However, the process of this transformation is still unknown.